The Invention Of Sexuality As A Social Construct - 955 Words

Since the invention of sexuality as a social construct, there has been the invention of heterosexual versus the other – with the other being anything beyond opposite-sex attraction. This otherness creates discrimination and hatred, thus reinforcing a normal versus abnormal feeling within people. In 2013, 42% of Americans confessed that they believed that being gay or lesbian was a choice, and that choice was to live an abnormal lifestyle (Masci, Americans Are Still Divided on Why People Are Gay). Abnormalities regarding sexuality – whether a choice or not – reinforce compulsory heterosexuality because people do not want to be seen as different, or abnormal. Compulsory heterosexuality is a problem within society because it reinforces a viewpoint that homosexuality is abnormal and therefore, wrong. The act of believing that everyone that one meets is straight unless proven otherwise is known as compulsory heterosexuality. It is the result of â€Å"a social system where all person[s] are assumed to be heterosexual and gender differences are taken for granted as natural† and those who do not fit into these norms are labeled as â€Å"sexually deviant† (390). Believing that everyone is heterosexual, or attracted to the opposite sex only, reinforces the idea that anything other than straight is unacceptable and wrong. It feeds into how children are raised and what toys they are allowed to play with and parents reinforce heterosexuality by promoting motherhood and classically feminineShow MoreRelatedScientific Illiteracy/Misinformation, Or The Depletion1293 Words   |  6 PagesStates faced its own issue with private and state-sponsored media and the invention and integration of a new pill that would change the way people looked at women: birth control. The feminist movement brought this issue to the forefront of the media, claiming the pill would empower women to take control of their bodies and become more forward thinking about s exuality in general. The PBS study The Pill, which discusses the social scope of the birth control pill, illustrates how the media erupted afterRead MoreHomophobia Hurts Everyone By Warren J. Blumfeld1078 Words   |  5 Pages but I couldn’t imagine losing the people that I deal with everyday and who have loved me no matter what because I am in love with someone of the same sex. In â€Å"Naming All the Parts†, Bornstein (2014) discusses the relation of gender desire and sexuality. Being a male to female transsexual, she argues that gender is a socially constructed system of classification and it must be deconstructed and done away with completely. She also discusses the differences in sex and gender and gender roles. WhenRead More Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico1734 Words   |  7 PagesRico as true Puerto Ricans, or to construct Puerto Rico as economically unconnected to the U.S. is a misconception, which has been historically employed to blame Puerto Rico for the U.S. subordination of it. Briggs records Puerto Ricos history as a model, testing site, or laboratory for U.S. colonial rule, centering on the ways in which this has functioned in relation to or through (control of) Puerto Rican working class women and family, sexuality and reproduction. Briggs utilizesRead MoreDeborah Whaley s Black Women1423 Words   |  6 PagesBlack female characters in mainstream comics, â€Å"comic book writers have used illustration of and ideologies about the Black female body to signify the fetish, fear, and fabrication of Africa† (p. 96). Further she debunks the white male inventions of â€Å"Blackness† and constructs an argument why sequential art is a feasible form of understanding visual narrative that reflect popular literature, identity politics, history, and cultural production from women of African descent. And, she offers theoretical frameworkRead MoreThe Big Black Smiling Mammy, The Sexual Deviant, And The Angry Sapphire Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesfema le characters in mainstream comics, â€Å"comic book writers have used illustrations of and ideologies about the Black female body to signify the fetish, fear, and fabrication of Africa† (p. 96). Further, she debunks the White male inventions of â€Å"Blackness† and constructs an argument why sequential art is a feasible form of understanding the visual narrative that reflects popular literature, identity politics, history, and cultural production from women of African descent. In addition, Whaley offersRead More Hegemonic Masculinity in American Society Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol, speed, toughness, and dominion (Trujillo 23). In various spheres of life such as sports, and political leadership, using a male body as a symbol of power led to the creation of male dominance. However, towards the fall of the 20th century, this social consult came under immense challenge when women began to venture in politics and competing men in sports such as football and ath letics. Today, the American sporting scene is full of sports women partaking games that were initially reserved for menRead MoreHysteria, Not Only Oppressed Female Social Upliftment1566 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 19th century, Hysteria, not only oppressed female social upliftment but it, led to a misconception of the sexual health of females. This misconception, as well as its unravelling was heavily influenced by the developments of Western medicine. The following essay will look at these developments, focusing on how the invention of the vibrator changed the perception of the female orgasm, sexual desire and pleasure. To begin with, the two-sex model and the influence of religious movements willRead MoreSex, Gender, And Gender936 Words   |  4 PagesFor the past few decades, feminists have been constantly debating the conventional views, of sex and gender in today’s society. As a result, we often think of sex as biological and gender as social, which are terms that are often used interchangeably and are socially or culturally constructed. In other words, the terms male and female are referred to as sex categories, while masculine and feminine are considered gender categories. To demonstrate the prevailing views of sex and gender, in AfricanRead MoreThe Cultural Identity Of The African American Community1653 Words   |  7 Pagesidentity reflects the common historical experiences and shared cultural codes, which then provide individuals with a black diaspora to identity with. According to Hall, modern black cinemas reflect the different histories, which help individuals construct certain aspects of their identities, including their cultural identity. In the second, Hall calls into question the problematic issue of identity as production and its relation to the black individual. â€Å"Cultural identity, in this second sense isRead MoreMarx s Theory And Marx857 Words   |  4 Pagesgrave and that all societies must pass through capitalism in order to get to a better world. Marx argued that it was impossible to leap directly into communism from capitalism. To remove people from what Marx saw as the selfish and materialistic construct that was created by capitalism, re-education under a socialism would be the necessary to necessitate the change from capitalism to socialist society. Marx was a strong advocate for socialism and largely critical of capitalism. He believed that communism

John Updikes aP Sammys Growth - 1545 Words

John Updikes AP : Sammys Growth John Updikes story AP is about a nineteen year old boy, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still be in their suits. Sammy continues to overlook the girls in the store throughout their endeavor to pick up some items that they were sent in for. While they are wandering around the store Sammy watches the†¦show more content†¦Another part of Sammys expansion to mature comes when the store manager approaches the girls at the checkout. As Sammy stands behind the counter he notices Lengel, the store manager, approach the girls and exclaim to them Girls this isnt the beach (Updike 599 ). The girls stood there and explained why they were sent into the store, but none of there explaining seemed to appease Lengel. Lengel than stated, Thats all right, But this isnt the beach. His repeating this struck me as funny, as if it had just occurred to him, and he had been thinking all these years the AP was a great big dune and he was the head lifeguard. He didnt like my smiling-as I say, he doesnt miss much- but he concentrates on giving the girls that sad Sunday-school-superintendent stare( Updike 600). At this point of the story Sammy starts to notice that his manager thinks that it is ok to talk down to the girls and not treat them with any respect. The way Sammy saw the girls being treated really made him upset, and also made him realize that the way Lengel was treating them was no way to treat any person, especially a customer of a store. As Sammy continues to listen to what Lengel was saying to the girls he decided to open up his mouth and stand up for something he believed was right. He knew that there was no law saying they couldnt come in the store dressed inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Updikes AP Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes story AP talks about a 19-year old lad, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still beRead MoreA P By John Updike1033 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, how we face these decisions will have an impact in our lives, and sometimes the ones that seem to be small are the most important ones. John Updike understood how making decision affects people’s life, and he develops it in his short story â€Å"A P,† which is the story of an unhappy boy who quits his job for a pretty girl. In order to develop this theme, John Updike takes Sammy, the main character of the story, through three different stages. In the beginning stage, Sammy is just a boy who is notRead MoreA Common Technique Used By John Updike926 Words   |  4 Pages A common technique used by authors throughout literature is the growth of the main character into their own. From the maturation of a selfish soul into a triumphant hero, or the rise of a shunned underdog into a loved champion, authors have create situations for their characters that teach readers a significant life lesson about the world we live in. For example, John Updike’s Sammy from AP and Flannery O’Connor’s Grandmother from A Good Man is Hard to Find both receive wake up calls from the respectiveRead MoreSymbolism in John Updikes A P1440 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updikes short story A P recounts how an adolescent supermark et cashier named Sammy has his life changed forever when three girls in bathing suits shop in the store where he works. He is the first person narrator who shapes the tale with his descriptions, attitudes and opinions. He is the protagonist who grows up quickly in a single day and the only round, fully developed character in the tale. As you proceed through the story and become acquainted with Sammys opinions and ideas, it becomesRead MoreEssay on Personality in John Updikes AP1275 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter to make them stand out in a story.nbsp; In A amp; P by John Updike, Sammy starts off as a young man discontent with his ordinary adult surroundings and moves to his need to change it. Throughout the story, Sammy describes and interprets the scenes around him, consequently revealing his own character, by which can be related through the use of Thomas Chous Ennegram, to distinguish his personality type. nbsp; John Updike gives the reader an inside look into the adolescent mindRead MoreJohn Updike s A P And James Joyce s Araby1877 Words   |  8 PagesComing-of-age is a chapter that every individual must inevitably trek through in order to grow and mature into one’s own self. In John Updike’s AP and James Joyce’s Araby, the theme of growth permeates throughout both narratives as their respective protagonists fabricate an ideal world from their own naive perspectives, only to shed their ignorant fantasies about how they believe to understand that the world can bend to their decisions to truly understand the cruelty behind world they live in: reachingRead MoreEssay about Compare aP and Greasy Lake1108 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Updikes A P and T. Coraghessan Boyles Greasy Lake have many similarities as well as differences as coming-of-age stories. A P is about a nineteen-year-old boy working at a grocery shop who stands up against the manager trying to defend and imp ress the girls he is attracted to who are not decently dressed (Updike 18). Greasy Lake is a story of several nineteen years old youths who play a prank on a bad character and experience what real bad characters can do. Fortunately,Read MoreAP: Short Story 2828 Words   |  4 PagesA P â€Å"AP† written by John Updike is a short story about a young boy named Sammy. He was 19 years old and he was working at AP mini market. One day, there were three girls shopping at the store wearing bikinis, and Sammy was surprised yet adore these three girls, until one day he quitted his job because he wanted to be their hero, but unfortunately, the girls didn’t even see him. John Updike was trying to describe Sammy as a typical youth who is trying to get some attention. At the beginning

National Theatre Production Argumentative Essay Example For Students

National Theatre Production Argumentative Essay Discuss the ideas of Community and responsibility for our fellow humans in An Inspector Calls. How successfully does the National Theatre Production convey this idea?  We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that a time will soon come when if men will not learn that lesson then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish  Inspectors Final speech.  An Inspector Calls is as its name implies- a detective play with a twist. Written by John Boynton Priestely in 1945 after WW2, it is based in 1912 in the industrial city of Bromley in the North Midlands and is centred around the Birlings- a respectable upper middle class family who all in some way contributed to why Eva Smith- lower class girl, committed suicide- yet who shun their responsibility and then reap the consequences. We will write a custom essay on National Theatre Production Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the years between 1912 and 1945, there were two huge world wars that had affected millions of lives. The casualties had been staggering and the destruction overwhelming and people were now beginning to ask why- why had all this happened- why had so much misery come about- who was responsible for it all?  Before the 1939, theatres had been extremely versatile in its styles and it had been a popular form of entertainment with the people to whom the theatre was a means to get away from the horrors of the war. Theatre was also greatly influenced by playwrights and authors. Brecht- a German director, poet and playwright of late 19th and early 20th century was incredibly famous for his plays in which he introduced moral/ social and political issues (social division, racial prejudices etc) and encouraged the audience to think about what the moral and situations of the story were so that they could thereby learn through them. Priestely believed very strongly in such matters and these he showed through what he wrote and thought- he was very politically minded and passionate in what he believed in, but was more of a social philosopher and liked to think of himself as such. He himself had fought in WW1 and had had close shaves with death on a number of occasions- and it was these unforgettable experiences which helped shape the direction of his writing. It was with these influences and his own personal beliefs of community and human socialism that Priestley wrote An Inspector Calls- characterising the Birlings and Gerald Croft as the standard middle class family of the time- the suicide of Eva Smith as the tragedy caused by their own mistakes (WW1) and the recurrence of the tragedy as what occurred when they did not learn from their previous errors (WW2).  The beginning of the play starts off relatively uneventful- a rich middleclass family extolling their appreciation of their daughter Sheila and Gerald Crofts (a rich young man) engagement. In Priestleys performance, this would have been a fairly calm tranquil scene- soft lighting and a relaxed atmosphere to contrast with the scene later on in which the Inspector appears. However in the modern National Theatre production, the opening has a much more symbolic and eye-opening effect. Instead of the stage simply being the interior of the Birlings house, the stage is set out much more widely- providing the whole of the house and some scene around it- mainly a dark lit street. Small but vital additions e.g. the cobbled streets and smoky gas lamps set the scene to 1912 and create a mystical and eerie atmosphere which with the sinister, discordant background music, promises the audience a worthwhile play. The Birlings house is the centrepiece of the stage- situated at the back right hand corner, is raised above the rest of the stage and through the windows, the figures and voices of the exuberant Birlings are clearly defined.  The houses separation from the rest of the stage symbolises the huge distinction between the classes of the period. While poorly dressed boys play hopscotch and kick stones around upon the street below, the richly clad Birlings toast each other with wine and brazenly exude their wealth. There is no sense of a closely knit community and the impression rather is of two magnets- they could be together and work in harmony but instead they are placed and choose to remain, back to back- repelling each other. .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 , .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .postImageUrl , .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 , .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:hover , .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:visited , .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:active { border:0!important; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:active , .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89 .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u142658f36b93353c6b2864b5cc0f7b89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cuba libre EssayIt is here Mr Birling paints the true portrait of himself to us the audience and shows that not only is he a rich swaggering man of high standing, but a selfish, arrogant and shrewd one too. He leaves the interior of the house and comes out into full view of the audience with Gerald Croft upon the balcony outside and proceeds to lecture him upon a mans duty- first and foremost to himself then as an after thought his family but then responsibility stops. But the way some of these cranks (Socialists) talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if were all mixed up together like bees in a hive- community and all that nonsense.  The idea of helping or aiding others, to him is preposterous- you can almost hear his sneering ridiculing tone- Gerald and his son Eric do nothing to correct him and instead are listening intently almost to the older man- taking in his words. From what he says, you begin to feel a certain disgust at this man who talks so fluently and certainty that the war which is to kill millions- is simply rumours and nothing more- And I say there isnt a chance of war.progress were makingautomobilesshipsTitanic sails next week- 46800 tonnes- every luxury- unsinkable- absolutely unsinkable  To the 1945 audience, these words would have had a great effect for Mr Birling was echoing what some of them were and had been before the whole world it seemed, crashed. His certainty and prideful ignorance would have touched some deeply the war had been brutal and painful as well as the loss of the unsinkable Titanic and all because they had not pulled down barriers and muffled their pride- it would have shattered any remaining doubts about Mr Birlings character being anything other then what I have described above and made him into a figure of ridicule as both of his emphatic statements in due course, turn out to be exactly the opposite.

Managing Change in CAR

Introduction Corporate management is a complex task that involves encountering several changes, analyzing corporate problems and seeking ways to develop solutions for the persistent dilemmas (Lindgren 2012).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Managing Change in CAR specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among other management concerns, managing corporate change, managing employee problems, and balancing between the internal operations and the external issues such as market competition are complex issues for the top managers. One of the most troublesome issues that seem to affect the modern organizations is the concept of corporate change that has been requiring strategic plans to be efficient. According to Lindgren (2012), Chief Executive Officers (C.E.O) and other top managers face ethical, legal, organizational, and decision-making dilemmas when solving various problems associated with an organization. With the inc reasing corporate changes and challenges, identifying the prevailing management problems and fixing them appropriately are becoming important management components (Lindgren 2012). This essay intends to analyze several management concerns in the Case of CAR and its C.E.O, Megan, provides potential solutions, and recommends an implementation plan for the chosen solutions. The Identified Management Problems Lack of Strategies for Proper Financial Management Product Marketing- the first management lapse that was eminent in the case of CAR is the lack of proper financial management.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the issues raised in the case study, the monetary resources of CAR went to unimportant commitments such as treating the C.E.O extravagantly with an excess pay. This lack of proper financial control and planning is what resulted to fallen stock values , due to the lack of enough financial backing in the marketing department. The CAR Company also fell short of the ideas that would support significant marketing techniques and the distribution of the CAR products. This is eminent in the scenario where their Research and Development (RD) department could only come with meager ideas that could not support the creation of new products or innovations. According to the case, external competition from the Chinese investors was increasing, while the marketing ideas were still lacking in the CAR Company. Lack of a Strategy for Talent Management Employee Retention – two key issues that enhance effective productivity in the modern organizations are talent management and employee retention (Lindgren 2012). Talent management and employee retention are other two management factors that revealed the weaknesses in the CAR management systems. As an identified problem in the case, Megan received testimonies about the unjustified sacking of f ormer productive managers and engineers. Due to the persistent problems of dismissing the talented workforce and failing to attract and manage the new talents, the CAR organization failed to remain innovative and attractive to the labor market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Managing Change in CAR specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management literally failed to address the issues of unfair job dismissals, the unexplained early retirements, and the forced retrenchments. According to the case, while the clients continually demanded for innovative products, the innovators remained scarce due to the poor strategies of managing the talented workforce and retaining the skilled engineers and managers. Ineffective Innovation- product innovation currently stands out as one of the most respected and desired production techniques in most of the contemporary businesses (Booz, Allen, Hamilton 2004). The case of CAR reveals some lapses in the innovation strategies of the company, which were either disorganized or lacking completely in the production and marketing sectors of the company. The management of CAR repeatedly failed to consider the need to cease from the traditional innovations and the need to adopt the modern engineering innovations that would make their products to have a competitive advantage in the car industry. The automobile industry is complex and a persistent revamping of innovations and production techniques is a vital issue (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis 2011). Combined with the lack of a stable innovative workforce, the CAR management could not maintain a reasonable product innovation that customers would cherish. CAR’s consumers complained of the failure of the company to provide new and innovative products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critical Review of Relevant Literature To meet the growing consumer demands, market expectations, production technological changes and human resource complexities, organizations must keep changing to fit in the modern business world (Booz, Allen Hamilton 2004). A critical issue that continues to destabilize management and cause collapses in the modern organizations is improper management of positive or negative changes (Booz, Allen, Hamilton 2004). Both the negative and the positive changes in organizations result to tensions and skirmishes in the organizations because the organizational employees and the top managers may feel inferior to any approaching change. As Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004) point out, when changes are happening, new leaders will step in, and some will receive promotions, while others will face unprecedented retrenchment shocks. They further add that some jobs will change, and some job positions will emerge, new talented and skilled workforce will join an or ganization, and transformative agendas will arise (Lindgren 2012). Such sudden alterations during an organizational change cause confusions and tensions, which require strategic plans. Discussion of Potential Solutions to the Problem Leadership Change In an organization, according to Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis (2011, p. 45), â€Å"changes will occur as organizations revise their practices intermittently in the light of experience.† The first perfect solution for Megan in the CAR Company is the implementation of a leadership change and restructuring of the leadership command. According to the ten principles of change management of Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004), leadership plays a significant role in change management because a change normally starts from the top management before the subordinates adopt it. The case of CAR involves the presence of rigid leadership structures with highly maintained status quo that extends from the top management to the subordinate members. A massive transformation in CAR would require an overhaul of leadership crises, an analysis of the main lapses, and a restructuring of the leadership structures and leadership techniques. As a solution, Megan may first need to revamp her leadership techniques from a democratic leadership style to an authoritarian leadership. CAR must focus on attracting new talents and retaining some experts Using an authoritative power that will serve for a short while, Megan should retrench the underperforming workforce, set strategies to retain the productive workforce, and design strategic means of attracting new talents from the labor market. Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004, p.) state that a long-term structural transformation, by magnitude, involves significant alterations from the status quo and by duration, the change process must last for a long time to demonstrate a strategic importance. According to Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004), a transformation in an organization begins with overhau ling the human resource capital where breaking the rigid corporate cultures and structures becomes the first stages of initiating a transformative change. In the case of the CAR organization and Megan, some workers tended to despise the leaderships that intended to effect transformative changes. To implement changes, Lindgren (2012) advises that such a workforce needs some significant reshuffles. CAR must focus on redesigning the production and marketing strategies In the case of CAR and Megan, there were dilemmas of confusion in the product design and confusion in the marketing techniques. As a strategic move according to Lindgren (2012), redesigning the production techniques, and changing the marketing strategies are two imperative management factors that Megan needs to consider. After strategically revamping the workforce and changing the rigid corporate cultures, corporate structures and management systems, dealing with the production dilemmas and the marketing complexities are the next strategic moves (Lindgren 2012). In the production and marketing system, Megan will have to implement a holistic framework that will enable efficient adoption, adaption, and execution of the strategic plans. In the dilemmas of production and marketing, the strategic system of high innovation, massive production, and low-pricing techniques could match a market penetration strategy (Lindgren 2012). Integrating the model of 4ps of marketing mix, which include product, place, price, and promotion, will help Megan to market CAR products. Implementation Plan for the Chosen Solution Given the complex situation in the case of CAR, Megan will definitely face some implementation challenge that will probably need a strategic implementation approach. After overhauling the management systems, the entire workforce, the production and marketing systems, Megan will require a strategic implementation plan (Lindgren 2012). Perhaps two modern strategic planning and implementation techniques c an aid in solving the dilemmas that Megan is encountering. The first business model is the 4Ds strategic business model that must work collaboratively with the Business Model Innovation (BMI). The 4Ds paradigm is a business model that helps managers to effect a transformative change through incorporating the four dimensions of change implementation, which include Deciding, Designing, Driving, and Deploying (Booz, Allen, Hamilton 2004). On the other hand, the BMI strategic change management model involves seven technical and logical dimensions of effecting a change in a highly disturbed workplace. Getting a perfect solution from the two business management approaches requires an in-depth knowledge of how the concepts work. The 4Ds process of implementing the above change may occur in a sectional and sequential process to avoid mishaps in the implementation processes. According to Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004) change management and implementation process is a pragmatic process tha t requires the understanding of emotional reactions of the workforce, and other significant factors that determine an efficient change adoption. Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004, p.1) state that change management and implementation process requires â€Å"an intimate understanding of the human side, as well as the company culture, values, people and behaviors that must remain changed to deliver the desired change.† As portrayed in the diagram, the first phase of the implementation process will begin with the identification and definition of the existing opportunities where changes can take part. The first opportunities that were clear in the case of CAR included the financial strength of the company, the available workforce that was yearning for changes, and the growing demand for the automobile products. A Diagrammatic Representation of the Implementation Procedures Strategy ‘Decide’ Going forward, design, and redesign, while adapting to the plans The first proce ss of implementing changes begins with strategic decision-making, which is the guiding step towards a change (Booz, Allen Hamilton 2004). Developing new corporate cultures of changes need ethical leadership and moral reasoning to avoid workplace conflicts and misunderstandings. In the case of CAR, the willing workforce that felt tired and frustrated by the performance of the firm in the stock market could easily allow for meaningful transformations. In these two concepts of opportunity identification and decision-making, Megan should first think of developing independent departmental goals, set the desired vision for each department, and design developmental forums with the workforce to explain the need for immediate transformations (Booz, Allen Hamilton 2004). This is the phase where the fifth and the sixth dimensions of the Business Model Innovation fit. The fifth dimension of BMI is realization of the networks and the sixth dimension is the identification of relations. Breaking old employee bonds and creating new logical relations would spur an easy change adoption and adoption. From deciding, the second aspect of the 4Ds paradigm is the designing phase, where real technical support, capacity building strategies and strategic production techniques will fit in the reform agenda of the CAR Company (Booz, Allen Hamilton 2004). This second phase is where capacity building occurs to empower the change management processes. In this stage, Megan will translate each respect vision in the departments into specific and actionable strategies that can yield effective change results. It is in this second phase, where Megan will design and redesign the business models, revamp the production processes, reform the information technology systems to boost product innovation, and reorganize the product design processes. An overhaul and change in these systems will help the newly absorbed employees and the incumbent workforce to develop workplace a motivation, and understan d the new procedures of modern innovation (Lindgren 2012). Employees will feel the impact of the new environment and would definitely struggle to show their competence in the new business paradigms. From designing the change processes, driving the change processes is another significant 4Ds change factor that Megan should consider in the strategy implementation process. According to Amagoh (2008), the main drivers of changes in an organization include financial backing, understanding of the main business variables in the production and marketing processes, and identifying the market opportunities that can spur product growth and innovation. With enough financial backing to the change processes, Lindgren (2012) advises that Megan should understand the first, the second, the third, and the fourth dimension of the BMI paradigm, which are the variables of value propositions, customer groups, value chain, and competencies respectively. In the third phase known as change driving, Megan sh ould analyze all the above four dimensions of the BMI paradigm and allocate equal efforts towards their efficiency. In the last phase of the 4Ds paradigm, the last practice is change deployment (Booz, Allen Hamilton 2004). This is the phase where Megan will engage change-driven personnel in breaking the success barriers, monitoring the plan progress, and evaluating the success of the plan through systematic approaches. Justification for the Chosen Implementation Plan Organizational change is a sensitive management aspect that requires an understanding of various business facets and factors and how they interrelate with each other in a real business environment (Amagoh 2008). Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis (2011, p. 45) believe that, â€Å"behind all organizations, roles, relations, and responsibilities, are rules.† Each of these aspects is sensitive in a change management process. The 4Ds business model and the BMI seven paradigm business models are practical systems that can boost quick decision-making and implementation in businesses. The two business models can offer strategic management options for CAR because they have perfect strategic solutions that cause minimal alterations of the corporate culture and systems of the company. According to Amagoh (2008), organizational members often resist to changes and remain uncertain especially when the changes require them to leave their longtime culture and adopt an unknown corporate culture. The scenario of CAR and the dilemma of Megan involved a balancing of several business management complexities that were sensitive to make decisions. Scope for Further Research With the complexities seen in the management of human resource, finances, marketing, and production of products in the corporate world, it is important for the business analysts and business philosophers to consider how individual interests in a business influence organizational success (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis 2011). What came up clearly in t he case of CAR and Megan is how business lose their targets in the midst of independent interests. According to Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2004), the behavior of the employees and the incumbent officials where status quo is a corporate culture is a disturbing issue in many organizations even as solutions towards dealing with status quo remain minimal. The case of CAR reveals that when top management is perpetuating status quo, it becomes difficult for the incoming top officials to effect any meaningful changes (Booz, Allen Hamilton 2004). Researchers and management experts should delve into researching the impact of a top-down status quo and the solutions that can serve the interest of incoming top managers in firms. Conclusion Change management is definitely a complex issue that requires an in-depth overhaul of several business dilemmas and the manner in which the business paradigms might affect the present situation and the progress of a firm. The case of CAR and dilemmas of Mega n required a strategic solution plan that would have a humanistic approach to the problems and an understanding of the corporate culture that prevailed in the company. The 4Ds strategic management and implementation plan and the Business Model Innovation are two business models that can provide a suitable solution to the problems of financial management, employee retention, high turnover, poor innovation, and poor marketing and production plans in CAR. Combined together, these two strategic management business models can effect logical changes that have holistic approaches that demand a minimal straining to the workforce. Understanding the 4Ds of a strategic plan and the seven dimensions of the BMI paradigm can be sufficient solutions to the dilemma of Megan. References Amagoh, F 2008, ‘Perspectives on Organizational Change: Systems and Complexity Theories’, The Public Sector Innovation Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1-14. Booz, E., Allen, J. Hamilton, M. 2004, Ten Guidi ng Principles of Change Management. Web. Clegg, S, Kornberger, M Pitsis, T 2011, Managing and Organizations: An introduction to Theory and Practice, Sage Publishers, London. Lindgren, P 2012, ‘Business Model Innovation Leadership: How Do SME’s Strategically Lead Business Model Innovation?’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 53-66. This case study on Managing Change in CAR was written and submitted by user Paityn Cantu to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

De La Perouse essays

De La Perouse essays In 1786, a French explorer, Jean-Francois de La Perouse, and his expedition landed in Monterey, California to witness the mission system at work. It had been over fifteen years since the Franciscan Monks first established their mission in Monterey, but they lacked the economic success needed to for the mission to flourish. However, in the essence of the Enlightenment; he determines that, in the otherwise economically retarded land, California has the potential to become a successful settlement. The fertile land paired with the abundance of plants and animals seems to be a perfect combination for economic success; however, Californias economics failed to reap the rewards of this rich land. One reason behind this is the missionaries immense dedication to Christianization. La Perouse declares that the piety of the Spaniards has hitherto maintained these missions and presidios at a great expense, with the sole view of converting and civilizing the Indians (63). This dedication blinded them from the wealth that surrounded them. Had they not been preoccupied, they may have realized that the China trade could furnish a demand for thirty thousand [sea otter] skins, two or three settlements to the north of San Francisco would soon procure them for the commerce of his nation (100). With the Manila Galleon frequenting the coast and the number of Indian workers, the settlers and missionaries of California could have utilized this opportunity to begin a promising trade with China. Trade, and, thus, economics, may have grown if the settlers took advantage of trade with China. However, the missionaries have hitherto been more attentive to their heavenly than their earthly concerns, and have greatly neglected the introduction of the most common arts (87). The settlers had the opportunity utilize arts in the trade market with China, but failed to see yet another po ...

Writing Styles How to Find Yours With Writing Style Examples

Writing Styles How to Find Yours With Writing Style Examples Writing Styles: How to Find Yours With Writing Style Examples Writing styles as authors can differ from person to person. As a writer, you have a gift of creativity in using your art as something that can elicit feelings. Writing a book may make people laugh, take people on a journey or fill them with knowledge. Writing is and can be an art form if you use it to express yourself and learn the art of doing it well. Most writers will find themselves falling into a specific style of writing. That could be writing poetry, non-fiction, writing a novel, children’s literature or even screenplays. This will usually happen around your interests, your education, knowledge of writing and the books you read. Heres what youll learn about writing styles: What is writing style?Types of writing stylesWriting styles examplesHow to find your writing styleRead a lot to find your writing styleBe honest about yourselfWrite what comes with easeExpress yourself to show your writing style NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it here What is writing style? Your writing style is the way in which the narrative of your writing comes across to other readers, including your sentence structure, syntax, and overall voice in order to provide your writing with an overall tone or mood. Each writer has their own, natural style and this can change from project to project. However, you may find that certain authors typically maintain a cohesive writing style. Essentially, an authors writing style can be recognized from work to work. Types of Writing Styles There are a few different ways to think of writing styles as an author. Firstly, you have your personal writing style as an author, which is what we explained above; its the specific way your writing reads. Here are some examples of how an authors writing style may vary: Wordiness How much your narrative uses longer, run-on sentences versus short and choppy ones.Syntax The structure of your sentences, the emphasis, pauses, word order and general style of writing typical sentences.Word choice This can mean swearing or not, using more complex words versus simpler ones, and more. The word choice in your writing style can help readers understand the perspective of the narration.Tone The tone in writing is like the attitude the author has toward a subject matter. If they dislike something, the tone could be short and negative, the opposite if they enjoy what theyre writing about.Mood The mood differs from tone because its the overarching feeling readers take away through the writing. The mood can be altered through the use of tone, word choice, and other literary devices. However, writing style also refers to the intent of what youre writing. Here are the 4 main writing styles: Expository Writing This is the most common type of writing. This blog post is an example of expository writing, as Im explaining a concept and providing information. However, expository writing often doesnt include the authors opinions.Descriptive Writing Youll most often find descriptive writing in fiction (and creative non-fiction too!), as its when authors write in a more descriptive style, creating more of a visual rather than just relaying facts.Persuasive Writing This writing style is mostly used in order to persuade others to take some sort of action and includes cover letters, reviews, advertisements, web copy, and more. The goal is to convince the readers of something one way or another.Narrative Writing This type of writing style is usually exclusive to fiction and is when the writer is constructing a story and plot by using descriptive writing to help you visualize it. These different writing styles arent typically exclusive to one project. You can use various of them in a single work, which is often what books are. Well cover some specific examples to help you understand further below. Writing Style Examples Sometimes its easier to understand through examples than just simply reading a definition. Here are some examples of the different types of writing style to help you get the gist for understanding what writing style is and how you can use that to adapt and create your own. Expository Writing Style Examples: As stated above, expository writing is the most common type and basically just relays necessary information. Here are some examples of expository writing: TextbooksRecipesHow-tosInstructions Technical writingBusiness writingScientific writing Descriptive Writing Style Examples: You can write in a number of different ways with descriptive writing. Even expository writing can include descriptive within it. Here are examples of descriptive writing: Fiction novelsPlaysSongs PoetryJournaling or DiariesNature/Animal descriptions Persuasive Writing Style Examples: Remember when you had to write a persuasive essay in school in order to learn how to make an argument? Thats what persuasive writing is. You want your readers to leave agreeing with you on some matter. Here are examples of persuasive writing: Resumà ¨sCover LettersProduct/service reviewsLetters of recommendation Newspaper articlesAdvertisementsWebsite sales copyLetters of complaint Narrative Writing Style Examples: When you think of books, theyll typically fall under this writing style. If youre trying to discover your personal writing style, youll likely be writing in the narrative style. Here are examples of narrative writing styles: Short storiesNovelsPoetry AnecdotesOral historiesNovellas This writing style is the type were really going to focus on in this next section all about how to develop your own writing style and find your natural flow as a writer. How to Find Your Writing Style I myself, like to write in two different styles to express who I am as a person and access my creativity. For these two styles, I actually own two separate blogs; one on travel parenting and one on my faith. My travel/parenting blog allows me to express myself with humor. This allows parents to identify with me by seeing the lighter side of parenting. My faith blog is a more serious destination where readers can come to learn more about the bible. I enjoy writing in both styles. The two blogs allow me to enjoy these writing styles without confusing my readers. So how do you, as a writer, find your place in the writing world and develop a writing style that suits you? Here a four ways that you can find and develop your own writing style: #1 Read a lot Why is reading so important? Reading allows you to learn from other people’s knowledge and lets you immerse in their world. It allows you to develop your own writing style. Reading other people’s work will influence your own writing. This is because we tend to write in a similar way to what we read on a regular basis. If you aren’t currently reading every day I would encourage you to do so. Find something that interests you and start reading, whether it be in a book, via a website, or another place. Make it a daily habit to spend at least half an hour devouring someone else’s work. As you read more and more, your own style of writing will deepen. It will develop based on your own experiences and the influences you have had. You can broaden your own horizons as an author by reading various styles of writing. Reading will show you new ways of wording sentences and creative ideas you hadnt thought of. #2 Be honest to who you are When you write, remember to stay true to who you are. Writing is an art-form that allows you to express yourself from within. Trying to be someone you are not will hinder your writing journey, not help it. When I say be honest with who you are, I mean staying true to yourself. This will include your own values, your beliefs, your feelings and who you are as a person. Trying to write a comedic piece when you dont usually use humor will be difficult and often not read well. This is because you may be forcing this writing and the piece will not flow. When you write something that is not from who you are, it can confuse your reader. This is because it will be difficult to sustain your voice as a writer. When your style changes or doesnt flow well, it makes it harder for the reader to identify who you are. As a result they may not want to read more of your work. When you writes from within, the reader is able to see parts of who you are as a person and can get to know you better. I read a book a while back on business growth. It was a good book and I learnt a lot from it. As a result I then followed the author and starting reading her other books. Shortly after this she changed styles. The trend at that time was beginning to bring in swear words to make someone seem †kick ass†. This author jumped on that trend and began swearing through all her books. I don’t mean one or two swear words dispersed throughout. One of her books had so many swear words in it that her book would have been several pages shorter if she had left them out. This writer delighted in telling her readers that this particular book had only taken her four hours to write. The problem was you could tell that it didnt have the flow or content of her other books. It felt forced and more as if she created it to make money rather than give to the reader. To me as a reader I felt like she was trying to be someone she wasn’t and I lost interest in her work and didn’t bother after that. It felt a bit sad because she had some good information to share but appeared to lose sight of who she was as a writer. When you write from who you are you will not need to change your style part way through. Find your own style of writing and own it! #3 Write what comes with ease Writing as part of who you are should come to you naturally and not feel weird or be a huge struggle. You may have times that you feel like you have writer’s block, or struggle to come up with what you want to say but this shouldnt be the norm. If you find that writing in general is difficult it could be for several reasons: You have not created a writing habit to allow it to flow for youYou are lacking in inspiration for your topicYou are not writing in a style that is true to you If you have created a proper writing habit and you are stuck, try getting inspiration. This could mean reading other forms of writing to refresh you or taking a break from writing. A half hour walk while you listen to music may be all it takes to put you back on track. If you are still struggling, then chances are, you are not writing in a style that is congruent to who you are. #4 Express yourself naturally I’m an extrovert and I thrive from the people in my life who I spend time with. As you can tell I love to use a conversational writing style when I put pen to paper. For me it feels like I am able to share my thoughts and feelings with someone like I would if they were sitting next to me. That style of writing comes naturally to me and flows easily. When you write, choose a style that allows you to express yourself. That may be in expressing yourself through creative writing, allowing the poet in you to come alive or sharing your life experiences in a helpful how-to form. Whatever it is, it should leave you feeling like you have shared what you want to. You should feel energized and excited about your work, not drained and struggling to create more. Once you have found your style the only other thing you can do is write, write, and keep writing. The more you write, the easier it will come to you and the better you will become at expressing yourself through your words. You have a gift to write and you need to use it to share your message with the world. Today plan your daily habit of reading and writing and watch your life grow and move you to the next level of your writing career. Are you ready to find your style and finish your book? If youre ready to discover your writing style in your newest book, let us help you get it done better and faster With your FREE training!

The Effect Of RMB Revalue To The Economy Of China Dissertation

The Effect Of RMB Revalue To The Economy Of China - Dissertation Example The expectation on appreciation of RMB was postponed during the global financial crisis. The appreciation of RMB will affect the aggregate demand through two canals. The appreciation will cause pressure on the supply of money. This will lead monetary expansion in cases where sterilized intervention is not sufficient. The aggregate demand and prices of the assets will get stimulated. The imbalances between demand and supply will increase because of the expectations associated with trade surplus and speculative inflows of capital. The monetary authorities will buy the excess supply of foreign exchange in the market in order to maintain stability in exchange rates. The growth in assets of foreign currency was much more than the growth of base money. The growth of foreign assets even crossed the rate of growth of broad money. This puts pressure on the monetary authorities to fasten down the monetary growth. The growth of money will be out of control if measures of sterilized intervention cannot keep up to the task. The growth of assets of foreign currency has dropped below the growth rate of broad money after the financial crisis. In the long run, the growth rate of broad money will settle in the usual level and short term capital will start to enter into the economy of China and this will again put the supply of money under pressure. But even if the monetary authorities are able to control the stable growth rate of money supply, then also the expectation for appreciation of RMB will stimulate the aggregate demand and prices of the assets will rise. Once the appreciation of RMB is expected, the expected returns on the assets that are risky will increase and price of these assets will take the steep rising path. The value of the collateral will...The politicians of U.S. are of the opinion that revaluation of the RMB will act as the solution in problems of trade deficit. But the reality is that the current trade deficit that U.S. has with China is mainly because of t he prevailing economic conditions in U.S. So the trade deficit that is affected by RMB is negligible (Hong Kong Industrialist, 2005/6, p. 15). Introduction The director of Peterson Institute for International Economics blamed the undervaluation of the currency of China for job losses in the country of United States. The director also drew a plan of action if China did not withdraw the control of currency and permit the renminbi (RMB) to gain strength. The central bank of China known as the People’s Bank of China allowed for some relaxation. The bank announced that will abandon the two year old peg. The peg has kept the RMB with the dollar (Yu, 2010, p. 2). It allowed RMB to respond according to the forces of the market. China will now begin to move into the regime of floating exchange rate. The regime will be a tight one which was in practice in the period between 2005 and 2008. The value of RMB will be the base on a basket of currencies within a narrow range (Wharton Univers ity of Pennsylvania, 2010). Method of Analysis In the method of analysis the previous researches will be taken into account and stress will be given on assessing the impact of the revaluation on the economy. The different effects namely the balance sheet effect and the economic effect will be taken into consideration.

International Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business strategy - Essay Example The Starbucks Corporation faced many strategic challenges in its international business operations in the year 2006. Main challenges were from the well established local players in the host countries. Business strategies of Starbucks were not supportive for satisfying the international customers for a long term. The follow up of basic principles in the translational business also was helpful only to a certain extent of time period. Business principles like self service rule and no smoking rule in the premises helped to attract the youngsters and non-smoking customers to the shop and helped to attract a large number of customers in the initial stage of the business. But it was not capable of sustaining the customers for a long term. . The quality and taste of Starbucks products is not capable of attracting and sustaining the customers in the competitive environment. Operational costs such as hiring employees and buying leases were very huge and it reduced the rate of business profit. Training of personnel and promotion of products required large amount of investment. Operational problems resulting from lack of a trained work force and suitable real estate for its stores also affected the profitability and market growth of Starbucks in international market. The volatile political environment in the Middle East region imposed restrictions over the business operations of Starbucks. The political attitude in the Middle East was against the US due to its strong relation with Israel. As a US based company, Starbucks faced boycott problems from the customers in the Middle East region. The owner of Starbucks firm is a Jewish personality and it intensified the situations. Resistance from customers as a result of the alleged close relation between USA and Israel affected the business growth in Middle East region. NGOs were also against Starbucks activities and it restricted the availability of certified coffee beans

Morality in Copying CD’s Essay Example for Free

Morality in Copying CD’s Essay Morality is an issue that will forever encompass debates from thousands of sectors around the world. There are no definite set of rules of what is moral and what is not; as such, it will infinitely be hard to define. Judging someone’s morality is going to be difficult given this lack of definitive structure of the subject itself. This paper will be discussing piracy (which is what copying cd’s may lead to) in the context of morality. As difficult as the task may sound, this paper shall try to be as objective as it can be given the infinite boundary of the context. Piracy Piracy has been the thorn on the side of the music industry since the early 1990’s. Piracy is not even hard to do, given that one must simply stick a CD to a computer then transfer its entire contents to another and from there, numerous other copies can be made. The cycle does not and will not stop because most people prefer things for free. College students who must be the most frequent computer users will not be averse to copying CDs and distributing it to others. They sure enjoy their music and they normally are under strict budget due to their educational financial needs. The music industry is not the only field that piracy has wrecked. Almost anything that is being distributed on a CD or uploaded online has been endangered by piracy. Software is easily pirated, the newest Microsoft products are easily found on bootleg shops, finding its way easily in the third world black market. Aside from software, there are videogames and movies that can easily be copied and sold for much less than the producer originally retailed it, all illegally, of course. With piracy, the artists, software developers, producers, actors, programmers suffer as they are not paid the royalties they deserve for working hard on their respective projects but the consumers win, as they get the media they want/need for free or at a considerably lower price. The Utilitarian Approach According to Velasquez, et al. (1989), â€Å"utilitarianism is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected.† The utilitarian approach can certainly be used by those who copy the CD’s and distribute it to a wider span of users. When a person purchases a CD and uploads its entire content online on a file sharing site, his reasoning is that, such upload can share the music to a wider variety of people. These people can get it for free thanks to that one person who uploaded it for sharing out of the goodness of his heart. When a person buys a CD, he has paid for rights to use the content of that music. No matter how he abuses the content of that CD by repeated usage is something he is entitled to do. However, copying the entire contents of the CD and giving the copy to another person is another story as herein, he has breached some legal boundaries of his usage. Morality may be a subject that is infinite but legality has very strict confines and stepping beyond its boundaries is punishable by a hefty sum, long hours of community service or jail time. The utilitarian reasoning is not a defense against illegal acts and as such, one cannot escape punishment by reiterating that he committed piracy for the benefit of the world, out of the goodness of his heart. In addition, the utilitarian approach does not consider the minority who will be affected by such act. For instance, the loss of income to those people who have labored to bring the media out on the market is not something utilitarianism will consider. Deontological Ethics According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.), â€Å"in deontological ethics an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good.† Given this definition, copying CDs onto another computer, given today’s anti-piracy campaign, is not going to be considered moral even though the intentions maybe good and the act may be easy to do. Music, movie, software, videogame industries have lost billions of dollars because of piracy, they are trying to fight it as best they can and as such, there are piracy warnings/threats on almost every media distributed. Doing it anyway will certainly question one’s morality over it. To circumvent this, one does not usually copy CD’s. He goes to websites where he can share files. However, in the UK, such file sharing can now be considered illegal (Solanki 2010). Such is the campaign against piracy that in the US, every digital media sold in the market is protected by DRM, a software that limits the number of devices the content can be played in to typically, 5 machines (Grossman 2007). Exceeding this limit can raise questions on one’s morality via Deontological Ethics. Conclusion Copying the contents of a CD is piracy. Piracy nowadays is a criminal offense that is punishable by law. One can hardly find anything moral over something that is illegal. Even though piracy may be the most tolerated crime in the world, it will be best for the person to stay on the conservative side and not commit it, for his personal welfare. References: Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.) Deontological ethics. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158162/deontological-ethics Grossman, L. (2007). The Battle Over Music Piracy. Time.   Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1625209,00.html Solanki, M. (2010). File sharing becomes illegal as Government pushes through Digital Economy Bill. SeekBroadband. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://seekbroadband.com/focus/2010/04/09/internet-technology-news/file-sharing-becomes-illegal-as-government-pushes-through-digital-economy-bill/ Velasquez, M. et al. (1989). Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. Issues in Ethics V2 N1. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/calculating.html

The Restoration Under Charles II Essay -- Essays Papers

The Restoration Under Charles II Generally, the English people had a great celebration when Charles II returned to the throne in May of 1660.1 Many believed that restoring the monarchy was the only way to secure constitutional rights. In fact, there was an expectation that bringing back the king would return life to the way it was before 1642 and the rule of Cromwell. Charles II was responsible for improving the government for the people. However, despite some achievements, the king was not very successful in creating a stronger and more effective monarchy. He was dependent on his advisors and other parts of the government from the very beginning of his reign. There were constant conflicts between the king and Parliament over religious issues. When Charles II finally did gain some independence, he still did not accomplish much to improve the monarchy. Overall, the government was very inconsistent during the 1660s and 1670s, and the people became disillusioned with the monarchy. The king did not hold all of the responsibility for what happened to the government, though. The people should have taken charge and worked for a change in the system. The rule of Charles II helped show the English citizens that they could not rely on the government so much, but they needed to take more of the power into their own hands and become more autonomous. Edward Hyde Clarendon From the very beginning, Charles was determined to establish himself as a constitutional leader. Also, his advisors wanted to make sure that the new monarchy followed the law, so the people could begin to trust the government again.2 The most influential of these advisors was Edward Hyde Clarendon. For the most part, Charles foll... ...688 (Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1979), 8-10. 3. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 12. 4. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 21. 5. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 13. 6. J. R. Jones, ed., Liberty Secured? Britain Before and After 1688 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 138-140. 7. Jones, Liberty Secured, 130. 8. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 15. 9. J. R. Jones, Charles II: Royal Politician (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987), 60-62. 10. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 10. 11. Jones, Royal Politician, 74-75. 12. Jones, Royal Politician, 79. 13. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 15. 14. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 19-20. 15. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 10-11. 16. Jones, Royal Politician, 162-163. 17. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 21. 18. Jones, Royal Politician, 187. 19. Jones, Restored Monarchy, 23. 20. Harris, 37.

PD Ethics

Freedom of speech means that a person or a body have a right to express them without any fear of suppression or penalty. It also means that there will not be any imposition of person's speech. In today's context, â€Å"Speech† is not limited to public speaking and it does include other forms of expression including social media. Australia does not have any explicit constitutional rights related to freedom of speech. However, parliamentarians are protected from criminal action such as fomentation when they express themselves inside the parliament.Background Australia had mix history of freedom of speech. As Australia does not have any explicit law regarding to freedom of speech, there were attempts to move towards liberation's of censorship. The modern history of freedom of speech in Australia dates back to First World War. Hughes government increased censorship during the war. After the war as the government lost the wartime power, they introduced the Customs Act to keep out d estabilize dogmatic works. During 1933-34, this method cached at peak as more than 100 books were banned. Due to threat of communism, Lyons government denied entry to Czech communist writer Eggnog Chicks.During the Minimizes' time, government summoned the editor and publisher of the Bankbooks Observer before the Bar of the House to defend a charge that they had breached parliamentary privilege by publishing an article alleging that a member of parliament was involved in an immigration racket. Both men ended up spending three months in Globulin Jail. During the sass, in Gorton government, Customs & Excise Minister Don Chip removed ban on many novels and Playboy magazine. He also introduced R certificate for adult movies which were earlier banned. Debate on the same is still going on as there are many high profile cases going on.Utilitarianism The essential claim of utilitarianism is that the only reasonable measure of morality is the minimization of the collective happiness of societ y as a whole. From this it follows that all other goods, if any, have only contributory, as opposed to inherent value. From the utilitarian viewpoint, freedom of speech can therefore be a thing only n terms of its instrumental value. We should look at marketplace of ideas theory usually associated with John Stuart Mill from this perspective. As generally implicit, this theory says that freedom of speech should be secured because it increases the realization of truth.Freedom of speech in this view, is thus contributory for capitalize on the amount of truth available to society as a whole. Such a marketplace is particularly unlikely in today's world, in which varied educational disciplines have become so methodological that most people have only a rare idea of what is going on n them. Mill's argument that the marketplace of ideas pointed towards the truth should be understood to worry not truths or reason but metaphysical ideas to which the idea of â€Å"truth† does not apply. Demonology There are two basic types of moral theories: consequentiality theories and deontological theories.Consequentiality moral theories are those which hold that the correctness of a deed is determined exclusively by the grade to which it produces good consequences. Utilitarianism is a consequentiality theory which holds that the utmost deeds are those which create the highest amount of pleasure or happiness for the maximum number of people. It is the ethical theory underlying contemporary cost-benefit and risk-benefit analysis, according to which we are focused to pick the deed with the maximum favorable ratio of cost or risks to benefits.Deontological theories, the most important alternative to consequentiality, hold that the correctness of a deed rest on upon aspects other than the consequences of the deed. These include such things as whether the purposes with which the deed is done ere upright, whether the deed is Just, whether it esteems the rights of those affected by it , whether the deed is steady with the burdens of duty, and whether, whatever its consequences, something in the nature of the deed makes it inherently incorrect.Social contract Character based ACS Legal/ethical balance

Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Hourly workers—people who are paid a set dollar amount for each hour they work—have long been the backbone of the U. S. economy. But times are changing, and with them so also is the lot of the hourly worker. As they can with most employment conditions, organizations are able to take a wider variety of approaches to managing compensation for hourly workers. And nowhere are these differences more apparent than in the contrasting conditions for hourly workers at General Motors and Wal-Mart. General Motors is an old, traditional industrial company that until recently was the nation’s largest employer. And for decades, its hourly workers have been protected by strong labor union like the United Auto Workers (UAW). These unions, in turn, have forged contracts and established working conditions that almost seem archaic in today’s economy. Consider, for example, the employment conditions of Tim Philbrick, a forty-two-year-old plant worker and union member at the firm’s Fairfax plant near Kansas City who has worked for GM for twenty-three years. Mr. Philbrick makes almost $20 an hour in base pay. With a little overtime, his annual earnings top $60,000. But even then, he is far from the highest-paid factory worker at GM. Skilled-trade workers like electricians and toolmakers make $2 to $2. 50 an hour more, and with greater overtime opportunities often make $100,000 or more per year. Mr. Philbrick also gets a no-deductible health insurance policy that allows him to see any doctor he wants. He gets four weeks of vacation per year, plus two week off at Christmas and at least another week off in July. Mr. Philbrick gets two paid twenty-three-minute breaks and a paid thirty-minute lunch break per day. He also has the option of retiring after thirty years with full benefits. GM estimates that, with benefits, its average worker makes more than $43 an hour. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, the firm is always looking for opportunities to reduce its workforce through attrition and cutbacks, with the goal of replacing production capacity with lower-cost labor abroad. The UAW, on the other hand, of course, is staunchly opposed to further workforce reductions and cutbacks. And long-standing work rules strictly dictate who gets overtime, who can be laid off and who can’t, and myriad other employment condition for Mr. Philbrick and his peers. But the situation at GM is quite different—in a lot of ways—from conditions at Wal-Mart. Along many different dimensions Wal-Mart is slowly but surely supplanting General Motors as the quintessential U. S. corporation. For example, it is growing rapidly, is becoming more and more ingrained in the American lifestyle, and now employs more people than GM did in its heyday. But the hourly worker at Wal-Mart has a much different experience than the hourly worker at GM. For example, consider Ms. Nancy Handley, a twenty-seven-year-old Wal-Mart employee who oversees the men department at a big store in St. Louis. Jobs like Ms. Handley’s pay between $9 and $11 an hour, or about $20,000 a year. About $100 a month is deducted from Ms. Handley’s paycheck to help cover the cost of benefits. Her health insurance has a $250 deductible; she then pays 20 percent of her health-care cots as long as she uses a set of approved physicians. During her typical workday, Ms. Handley gets tow fifteen-minute breaks and an hour for lunch, which are unpaid. Some feel that conditions are inadequate. Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, worked at a Wal-Mart while researching her book and now says, â€Å"Why would anybody put up with the wages we were paid? † But Ms. Handley doesn’t feel mistreated by Wal-Mart. Far from it, she says she is appropriately compensated for what she does. She has received three merit raises in the last seven years and has ample job security. Moreover, if she decides to try for advancement, Wal-Mart seems to offer considerable potential, promoting thousands of hourly workers a year to the ranks of management. And Ms. Handley is clearly not unique in her views—Wal-Mart employees routinely reject any and all overtures from labor unions. In the twenty-first century, the gap between â€Å"Old Economy† and â€Å"New Economy† workers, between unionized manufacturing workers and nonunion or service workers, may be shrinking. Unions are losing their power in the auto industry, for example, as foreign-owned plants within the United States give makers such as Toyota and BMW, which are nonunion, a cost advantage over the Big Three U. S. automakers. U. S. irms are telling the UAW and other unions, â€Å"We’re becoming noncompetitive, and unless you organize the [foreign-owned firms], we’re going to have to modify the proposals we make you. † At the same time, Wal-Mart is facing lawsuits from employees who clam the retailer forced them to work unpaid overtime, among other charges. At Las Vegas store, the firm faces its first union election. In a world where Wa l-Mart employs three times as many workers as GM, it may be inevitable that the retailer’s labor will organize. On the other hand, will labor unions continue to lose their power to determine working conditions for America’s workforce? References: Joann Muller, â€Å"can The UAW Stay in the Game?† Business Week, June 10, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.businessweek.com† www.businessweek.com on June 3, 2002; Mark Gimein, â€Å"Sam Walton Made Us a Promise,† Fortune, March 18, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.fortune.com† www.fortune.com on June 3, 2002.

Quebec Essays - French Quebecers, Lucien Bouchard, Free Essays

Quebec Essays - French Quebecers, Lucien Bouchard, Free Essays Quebec Maine doesn't see Quebec sovereignty as a threat ROCKPORT, Me. - Premier Lucien Bouchard got the message he wanted Thursday from two American politicians: Quebec's future is an internal matter and economic ties would be kept with their state if it leaves Canada. "The future of Quebec is essentially a Canadian matter," Maine Governor Angus King said at a news conference with Bouchard in Rockport, a community on the Atlantic Ocean. "It's not up to us to sit on the sidelines and suggest what the solution should be," King added. Bouchard was on a one-day tour of Maine to attend a business development conference to promote trade between the two struggling economies. King, whose motto is "Export or die' said putting people to work is his priority. "Jobs is really what it's all about." Mark Lawrence, president of the state's Senate, said Maine would keep economic ties with an independent Quebec. "We have a strong history with Quebec and whatever form of government Quebec chooses, we intend to maintain a strong relationship with Quebec," Lawrence said. Bouchard couldn't disagree, adding that the first rule of diplomacy is to stay clear of your neighbor's political problems. "No country would like to see other countries get involved in their internal business," the premier said. Bouchard didn't shy away from the sovereignty issue. He tried avoiding the matter last time he was in New England, saying it slipped his mind. He visited Boston last June and said questions about Quebec voting to leave Canada hadn't been raised. But Bouchard still preferred to dwell on the economic aspects of the Maine trip, saying it's important for the state and the province to strengthen their economic ties. Trade between them is worth about $207 million US annually. They aim to increase tourism and technology and possibly designate a heritage highway between Quebec and Maine. Bouchard said he hopes the trip boosts Quebec's international image and "doesn't hurt its reputation." King and Lawrence played up Maine's strong French cultural heritage. About 30 per cent of the state's population of more than one million have French roots. They left Quebec at the turn of the century to work in New England's textile mills. Maine, one of Quebec's closest U.S. neighbors, is also a popular tourist destination in the summer for Quebecers. Bouchard, who likes to visit Maine in the summer with his family, has struck up a friendship with King based on their passion for Thomas Jefferson, a father of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. King gave Bouchard a portrait of Jefferson. In turn, Bouchard gave King a book by Jefferson about the problems with debt, something Bouchard said his "foes in Quebec say I'm obsessed about." King, who didn't seem surprised to receive the book, said the exchange of Jefferson-related gifts was a coincidence. "We didn't plan this," he laughed.

History of Adhesives and Glue

History of Adhesives and Glue Archeologists excavating burial sites from 4000 BC have discovered clay pots repaired with glue made from tree sap. We know that the ancient Greeks developed adhesives for use in carpentry, and created recipes for glue that included the following items as ingredients: egg whites, blood, bones, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains. Tar and beeswax were used by the Romans for glue. Around 1750, the first glue or adhesive patent was issued in Britain. The glue was made from fish. Patents were then rapidly issued for adhesives using natural rubber, animal bones, fish, starch, milk protein or casein. Superglue - Synthetic Glue Superglue or Krazy Glue is a substance called cyanoacrylate that was discovered by Dr. Harry Coover while working for Kodak Research Laboratories to develop an optically clear plastic for gunsights in 1942. Coover rejected cyanoacrylate because it was too sticky. In 1951, cyanoacrylate was rediscovered by Coover and Dr. Fred Joyner. Coover was now supervising research at the Eastman Company in Tennessee. Coover and Joyner were researching a heat-resistant acrylate polymer for jet canopies when Joyner spread a film of ethyl cyanoacrylate between refractometer prisms and discovered that the prisms were glued together. Coover finally realized that cyanoacrylate was a useful product and in 1958 the Eastman compound #910 was marketed and later packaged as superglue. Hot Glue - Thermoplastic Glue Hot glue or hot melt adhesives are thermoplastics that are applied hot (often using glue guns) and then harden as they cool. Hot glue and glue guns are commonly used for arts and crafts because of the wide range of materials that hot glue can stick together. Procter Gamble chemical and packaging engineer, Paul Cope invented thermoplastic glue around 1940 as an improvement to water-based adhesives that were failing in humid climates. This to That A nifty site that tells you what to use to glue anything to anything else. Read the trivia section for historical information. According to the â€Å"This to That† website, the famous cow used as the trademark on all Elmer’s glue products is actually named Elsie, and she is the spouse of Elmer, the bull (male cow) who the company is named after.

Module 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 - Essay Example The story is about the son of a man who is a potential arsonist: setting barns on fire. This story is built of a number of characters including Abner the father, Sarty the son and the rest of the family: wife and daughters along with the people this family come in contact with. However, Faulkner uses Barn Burning to be a story that concentrates on the opinion of Sarty Snopes. Though this article is not written from the viewpoint of the character himself, there are certain moments throughout the story that divulge the reader with his emotions. With such a multitude of characters it is impossible for the reader to be unable to gain a true gist of what the story portrays. The concentration on Abner’s character allows a deep understanding of humanity and the instinct which compels each individual to develop an attachment to family. In Barn Burning, Abner is a dark influence on his young son. The protagonist forces his child to delve in a loyalty so deep, that injustice and sin are ignored in the process of protecting one’s own family. The story develops as Sarty begins to see the evil obstacle created by his father in his own growth. His constant belief that the father will change â€Å"Maybe he has done satisfied now, now that he has† However, in the end, the child is forced to give up his loyalty as a sense of righteousness sinks in. Though this confession leads to disastrous consequences, following the death of the very man Sarty has been ardently protecting, the judgment seems to shatter the young man who â€Å"He got up†¦.He did not look back.† Thus, Barn Burning is an evident portrayal of family and the human mind that delves to protect the sacred bond. It also shows the dire consequence that follows when this bond is broken. The Chrysanthemums is another story which concentrates on the importance of character to a story. In this story, the main subject of

In Germany Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In Germany - Term Paper Example According to the term paper "In Germany" findings, modern historians like Kocka claim that the development and expansion of fascism was a long and enduring process, with its roots in the nineteenth century. Apparently, fascism was a complex product of numerous political factors; most importantly, the weaknesses inherent in the German political and party system. I think that this knowledge of history can help to prevent future tragedies similar to fascism. Germany has a well-developed system of art trends and experiences. Expressionism is one of the defining features of German art heritage. Despite the lack of agreement on what Expressionism really means, it takes a definite place in the development of German art. Expressionism has a rich history in Germany. Elger writes â€Å"expressionism, however, was by no means limited to fine art, even though its significance and influence in other areas should not be overestimated. The desire to follow an Expressionist style was equally widesp read in literature, drama, stage design, dance, film and architecture† (8). This being said, Expressionism in Germany comes as a complex and omnipresent phenomenon, which crosses the boundaries of fine art and greatly affects all areas of human creative activity. Simultaneously, as Expressionism affected creative activities in Germany, so was Expressionism influenced by the political and social climate in the country. Art and Expressionism, in particular, is both a product and reflection of the social and political climate in Germany.

JUDICIARY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JUDICIARY - Research Paper Example This has happened according to various incidents, where the professionals either compromise their integrity against the justice system as a result of security threats to their lives or deliberate compromise because corrupt deals. PART I Professionals working in the judiciary such as judges, court prosecutors, attorneys and friends of the courts are under obligations to ensure that they execute justice in every case through implementation, defense and upholding of the law in full view of ethical standards. This implies that they should be the ambassadors of transparency rather than being the perpetrators or the promoters of injustices in the society. The court and the entire community expect them to apply the constitution impartially and without favoring any side of the case. Social justice as covered in the Constitution of the United States discusses the application of the required ethical standards in the respect the constitution accords to human rights to life. In this, the constit ution shows equal protection to every member of the society including the recognition of the children’s rights. ... In the two scenarios and in similar incidents, there is a critical test on the ethical standards among the legal professionals working in the judiciary. The only way to uphold the constitution is by reading the relevant parts as are applicable to every case and avoiding misinterpretation. Secondly, they can consult with the attorneys of the judicial system before deciding on controversial or weighty issues. The professional working in the judiciary can make use of the principles of social justices of equality to give both the prosecution and the defense sufficient hearing and at the same time, equal chances to present evidences. The defense must also have the right to appeal in case the decision does not favor him or her. Elkana, Szigete and Lissauer (2011) argues that it is the mandate of the court system and the justice system to promote and to protect solidarity among the professionals in the judicial services as well as the civil society members (the Civil Right Revolutionists), as a way to uphold human rights within the cover of the constitution. A just society will only be just if it articulates and upholds the rights of the citizens of the country. Part II: Several theories exist to explain the reasons why people decide to commit crime. One of the theories referred to as the Strain theory holds that there is a structural constrain that arises among members of the society undergoing development and tends to hinder individual members from achieving their dreams and ambitions in life. These are the strains that push the person into unrealistic means of achieving the same goals leading to criminal acts (Gerber & Jensen, 2007). The second

Unethical Business Practice of Bribery by Shell

Unethical Business Practice of Bribery by Shell 1.3 Introduction As globalization increases many organizations indulge in unethical practices to achieve growth and profit maximization. Consequently, the examples of such companies include LOreal, Nike, Wal-Mart, Shell etc. Shell, is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. They have their headquarters situated in Hague, the Netherlands.ÂÂ  The parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc, which is incorporated in England and Wales. Shells operated in more than 90 countries and has an approximate of 93000 employees. Their production mainly consists of forty eight percent of natural gas and around 3.3million barrels of gas and oil is produced per day. Shell has established forty three service stations worldwide. According to a survey conducted in 2010, theyve sold an estimated 145 billion litres of fuel. The Company has two main streams, upstream which explores for and extracts crude oil and natural gas and Downstream which refines supplies, trades and ships crude wo rldwide, manufactures and markets a range of products, and produces petrochemicals for industrial customers. According to their financial report of 2010, with the capital invested of $30.6 billion and $1 billion in Investment in research and development, they had an income of $20.5billion with revenue of $368.1 billion (Shell, 2010). 1.4 Historical Background Shell was born during days of the oil boom and started out in the shadow of John D. Rockefellers Standard oil monopoly. Royal Dutch/Shell was the result of a merger in 1907 between the British-based Shell Transport and Trading Company, which pioneered the use of seagoing oil tankers and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, which made its fortune developing new oil fields in Borneo and Sumatra. Marcus Samuel was an enterprising fellow who decided to greet ships returning to England from India, Japan, Africa, and the Middle East and offer to buy any trinkets and curious that sailors had collected abroad. In the 1890s, the French Rothchild family decided to go into business exploiting the oil fields opening up in Baku in Russia. Needing a partner to help them transport and sell the oil, they turned to Marcus Samuel the younger. After a brief trip to the Caucasus, Marcus Samuel decided that the only way to take on the near monopoly grip that Standard Oil held was to radically reduce oil tr ansportation costs. During that time kerosene was transported in crates of tin containers. Loading the fuel into these relatively small containers, crating them, and loading them onto ship as time consuming, expensive and inefficient, Samuel argued. It would be much preferable to just pipe the oil into a tanker ship. In 1907, Sir Marcus Samuel and Henri Deterding merged the Shell Transport and Trading Company with the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to create Royal Dutch/Shell. The company is owned forty percent by the Shell Transport and Trading Company and sixty percent by the Royal Dutch Petroleum (History of Business, 2010). In the 1980s, Shell sought to grow through acquisition. It bought out the remaining 30% shareholding in Shell Oil in 1985 to consolidate its American operations. The 1980s saw the development of offshore exploration projects, which were in much more challenging conditions than had previously been attempted.ÂÂ  The 1990s Shell saw the technology of biomass fuels and Gas to Liquids make giant leaps forward.ÂÂ  Shell was criticized over the Brent Spar episode in 1995, which centered on its plans to dispose of the storage platform. The Group learned that public opinion had become much more sensitive to environmental issues. In the next decade, the Group worked much harder to open a dialogue with interested parties regarding its environmental impact and to develop good relations with the communities affected by its work. Another problem to hit the Group arose from its presence in the Nigerian region of Ogoniland. The tribal minority in the Ogoni were aggrieved with the Nigerian government because they felt denied a proper share of federal revenues from the oil, and what they saw as other fundamental human rights. Their champion was the writer Ken Saro-Wiwa. The oil companies were targeted as collaborators with the corrupt government. Shell was accused of environmental despoliation. The story achieved international notoriety when Saro-Wiwa and eight of his colleagues were sentenced to death by hanging for their activities. Shell has since strived to follow a policy of demonstrating its community of interests and reciprocal good feeling with both the governments and the local populaces it deals with. The 1990s were notable for Shell for the development of the LNG gas business. Improved transportation and rising demand made this area of the Groups activities increasingly important and are expected to continue to do so in the first decades of the twenty-first century (Shell, 2010). 1.5 Report Preview This report examines various unethical practices of Shell. Firstly, it investigates upon the historical background of Shell. Moreover, we have related Shells immoral issues to the ethical theories. Along with these principles we also suggest some recommendations which could be reasonably essential for Shell to operate in a better and efficient manner. Finally, the report concludes with importance on ethics, corporate social responsibility and with our suggestion on its unethical action. 2.0 Shells Unethical practices: In 2010, Shell was accused of bribery practice with Nigerian officials in order to gain profit. Shell bribed Nigerian officials to make it easier for them to import goods and equipment, get lower taxes and avoid the customs. Shell said that it paid 2 million U.S Dollars to its Nigerian Workers in its deep water Bonga Project. Shell actually knew that part of the money will go to Nigerian officials whom will make shell avoid the customs process. This will give shell an obvious competitive advantage in the market. Shell actually gained $14million profit from this bribery of the Bonga project. Shell will pay $48.1 million dollars in order to settle probes by the U.S Justice Department and Securities and Exchange Commission. In January 2004, fraudulent overstatement of proven hydrocarbon reserves by Shell in Form F20 returns filed with the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission(John Donovan,2007). Shell has given misleading and wrong statements about its reserves. It paid a $120 million fine for this claims settlement. One of the famous unethical practices by Shell was causing the high levels of pollution in Nigeria.40% of shells oil spills worldwide was in Nigeria. The oil spill also caused water contamination. It caused oil pollution in the Ogoniland region for the past 40 years or so. The pipelines were built in front of the peoples houses and in their farmlands. They suffered oil leaks through the pipelines. This has totally destroyed the environment over there. It killed the aquatic life; killing many fishes. Also enveloped the land with oil. This has been really devastating for the Ogoni people, economically and healthy, since their economy depends mainly on fishing and farming. People suffered respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma; and cancer. Lots of vegetation is dying, especially Mangrove swamps, due to wastes of oil in the Niger River. The reason Shell has been successful in doing these unethical practices in Nigeria is because they used to bribe the Nigerian officials frequently to ease the process. Royal Dutch Shell Blames oil spills on sabotage to its equipment ( Chima Williams,2009). This explains how rude and unethically they take responsibility for their awful actions. According to the Covalence ethical ranking in 2008, saw Shell in the 510 position out of 541 multinational companies. Covalence s ethical quotation system is a reputation index based on quantifying qualitative data and It is a barometer of how multinationals are perceived in the ethical field(John Donovan 2009). The covalence ethical ranking is based on important issues such as Human rights policy, Waste Management, Labor standards and product social utility. A research done by Management and Excellence in 2005 sees Shell as the number 1 most ethical oil company in the world. But by the end of 2011, Shells position is expected to deteriorate much due to the bribery scandal it suffered for the last few months. 2.1 Conoco Phillips: Conoco Phillips is a Non-government owned American oil and Gas Corporation. Its the 3rd largest of the oil majors worldwide. It works in all different aspects in oil and natural gas industry such as Midstream, Petrochemicals, and Refining and Marketing. The company was formed as a result of a merger between Conoco and Philips in 2002. Its major competitors are Shell, British Petroleum and Exxon Mobil. Conoco Philips is one of the few Oil companies that suffer unethical issues. According to Conoco Philips, Our mission is to do more than to deliver energy. It has a long term commitment to achieve the top ethical standards and create a culture that encourages honesty and responsibility in everything they do. Conoco Philips values the importance of corporate transparency and ethics as they are a major drive for consumers and stakeholders confidence. A proof of ConocoPhillipss environmental concern is that it spent $80 million dollars to develop new technologies for unconventional and alt ernative energy sources. ConocoPhillips is a member of the U.S Climate Action Partnership, which is a group of businesses, major corporations and environmental organization with a goal to pressure the U.S Government to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. ConocoPhillips spent around $150 million dollars 2007 on research and development of alternative energy sources and new technologies- which is almost a 50% increase compared to the $80 million dollar spent in 2006. 2.2 Shell vs. ConocoPhillips Shell is the 2nd biggest company in the world in terms of revenue, which makes it more profitable than ConocoPhillips (16th). Actually, after the recent bribery issues about Shell, its position will eventually drop in the next few years. They will suffer from employee turnover, loss of company reputation and lots of other disadvantages which will not enable them to be more profitable like before. Whilst for ConocoPhillips, its very predictable that this company will get closer to Shell in terms of revenue and why not surpass it, due to its ethical practices! Thats why Shell should have good ethical policies like that of ConocoPhillips and actually adapt this policy and not violate it. 3.0 Recommendations and Facts: 3.1 Recommendations First of all if Shell wants to get back its reputation after the Nigeria bribery incident, they have to change their vision, not the written vision statement, in fact they have to change their insight toward the business they are doing and try to change their practices in a way that help and satisfy people instead of hurting them. They should keep in mind that business is not about gaining profit from whatever way, rather it is about gaining profit from providing services in a way that satisfies customers and if they act ethically eventually they will gain enough profit as they have satisfied people behind their back who support the company (Tempo, 2005). Shell should be considered guilty in this case and be fined for their unethical business practice. Furthermore, Nigerian government should be accountable and responsible for their action as well. The amount of fine that usually determined by courts should be either used for research purposes or as financial aid to help people around the globe. If they do so, Shell will force to do something that they escaped from and try to improve their instruments and facilities by doing research and development instead of trying to gain profit without thinking about safety and effects of their action on stakeholders (Tempo, 2005). More strict rules and regulations regarding the bribery issue and control of governments over their companies can lead to termination of bribery in long term. If Shell maintains a strict No Bribe policy, in long term bribe takers wont ask for it anymore. Then even if they fail in their business they wont blame themselves for paying bribes and they will know that there was something wrong with their facilities and services. 3.2 Facts The main reason that shell wanted to bribe Nigerian government was that they wanted to pay less taxes and easier import of their needed equipment, which eventually leads to higher profit. Thus they only looked for profit and to reach that, they choose bribery as an unethical practice. They shouldnt do that because even if we dont consider bribery as an unethical practice it was illegal and against law in Nigeria, however we know that bribery is an unethical practice indeed. The next thing is that bribery encourages corruption, and this action hurts the poor the most as they have to pay for something which is free and they get into trouble for paying the amount, because they cannot afford it. When a large company like Shell practices, in this case bribery, which is defiantly unethical, this act will spread to the whole society and affect the society in large (Tempo, 2005). Moreover when you start paying bribe for the first time it leads to demand for more bribes and work as a kind of temptation. So it is better never start it. Aid agencies trying to provide free services for those who need help and it is not morally accepted and expected from officials to try to make money from those services that supposed to be free. We believe and agree that Shell did something which is morally wrong and ethical person wont advocate it, but there is a positive point in shells case. Shell accepted that they did and unethical and wrong action and admitted their mistake, they also agreed to pay $48m in criminal and civil fines. However shell had to admit their mistake but still we can consider it as a positive movement from shell and we can hope that Shell try to be an ethical company from now onwards, stop their unethical business practices and try to gain profit while following ethical business practices (Temp,2005). 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, we all agree that bribery is an unethical business practice and it is not expected from large company such as Shell to practice such actions. It is not only the case that Shell paid bribe, the most important thing is that such actions, eventually leads to corruption of society which all of us believe to be destructive. Shell can follow Conoco Phillips and invest in research and development and try to improve its facilities, and by doing this they might earn less profit in the short term but they can be proud of themselves by being an ethical company and gaining more profit than their competitors in the long term as they will have new technologies and facilities in future because they invest in research and development today. Shell Should be accountable for what they did and be responsible for their unethical behavior and try to stop such acts in future if they want to build their reputation again as people and stakeholders wont trust Shell as long as they continue bein g unethical. However if Shell really wants to be changed and get back its reputation they can do it by clarifying their vision among themselves and act ethically.