College Essay- Joining the Air Force free essay sample

In stun with shaking hands, not completely understanding the decision Im making. I gaze at the man sitting before me, totally shutting out all that he says to me. I contemplate internally Am I settling on the correct decision? Will my family bolster me with my choice? I concede I was terrified, however as a general rule, this will completely change me, and to improve things. Joining the U. S. Caution Force isnt Just marking papers and youre done, its a long and upsetting procedure of mental and physical strength.I till wonder if Im completely arranged for this. Simply staying there, not moving, I consider my life, my future. Sarah, would you say you are tuning in? be that as it may, I dont react. The selection representative calls my name once more, and I wake up from my stupor. I gaze toward him and the man scheduling close to me and they looked confounded. We will compose a custom article test on School Essay-Joining the Air Force or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They inquired as to whether I was settling on the correct decision for myself, yet when I consider It, I re-think It. Not understanding everything until the opportunity has arrived can make you truly wonder. You begin to address yourself, and in some cases even back out.I considered retreating, until I thought of all the potential reasons not to. That is the thing that made me more grounded. When individuals ask me What are you going to do after secondary school? I gladly state Im joining the U. S. Aviation based armed forces however on the off chance that you asked me that inquiry 6 years prior, I would of said something insane as l need to be the leader of the US! We as a whole had that fantasy when we were more youthful, recall? I grew up continually needing to please individuals, be a motivation to in any event somebody. Presently I at long last can.Knowing that individuals in this nation will admire me and have confidence in me, it causes me to feel like I can overcome anything in my way. It gives me would like to continue onward, regardless of what my hindrance is and to never withdraw. Encircled by my family, I wonder what I state first, how I start the discussion. Everybody is making some incredible memories, chuckling, eating, while I stay there featuring at my food. All of a sudden I proclaim it. The room went quiet. The main inquiry I get from my family was on the off chance that I were coming clean. I was. I glance around and all I see are grins locating up the room.Just acknowledging saying five basic words could be so difficult, not knowing whether it could represent the moment of truth your family. The exact opposite thing in this world is having my family baffled in me, with the decision I made, and realizing that they could express one thing to me and my brain would change. In any case, it didnt and never will. I have confidence in myself at last. I never did. I never trusted In myself either, insufficient to decide on Joining the Alarm Force. At the point when I settled on my decision, I TLD notice how hard it would be, particularly for my mom and father.When they revealed to me that they bolster me with my decision and will be behind me through each progression I take, that is the point at which I picked up trust In myself. In view of my folks, I discovered that It makes things less unpleasant In your life, realizing you have a help group adjacent to you your entire life. Im grateful that my help group Includes my folks, regardless of whether It will change their lives as well. School Essay-Joining the Air Force By equestrienne transform me, and to improve things. Joining the U. S. Aviation based armed forces isnt Just marking papers tuning in? be that as it may, I dont respond.The spotter calls my name once more, and I wake up from my stupor. I gaze toward him and the man sitting close to me and they looked confounded. They inquired as to whether I was settling on the correct decision for myself, however when I consider it, I re-think it. Not understanding everything until the opportunity has arrived can make you truly Im Joining the U. S. Aviation based armed forces yet on the off chance that you asked me that inquiry 6 years back, I would of said something insane as l need to be the leader of the United States! We as a whole express one thing to me and my psyche would change. Be that as it may, it didnt and never will.I have confidence in myself at last. I never did. I never put stock in myself either, insufficient to decide on Joining the Air Force. At the point when I settled on my decision, I didnt notice how hard it would be, particularly for my mom and father. At the point when they step I take, that is the point at which I picked up trust in myself. Due to my folks, I discovered that it makes things less distressing in your life, realizing you have a help group adjacent to you your entire life. Im grateful that my help group incorporates my folks, regardless of whether it will change their lives as well.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer⠡â ¦s sickness is a moderate, dynamic, and degenerative malady of the mind. This ailment is set apart by a progressive loss of memory and other psychological capacities. "Alzheimer's Disease is otherwise called the most well-known reason for dementia- - a general term alluding to the loss of memory and the capacity to think, reason, work, and act properly" (Medina,1999). It fundamentally influences grown-ups in their 60's or more established and in the end demolishes an individual's capacity to perform straightforward, routine undertakings or even to think about themselves. Measurements show that "as numerous as 10 percent surprisingly 65 years old and more seasoned have Alzheimer's," and that around "50 percent surprisingly 85 or more seasoned additionally have the disease" (WebMD, n.d.).            Initially it was believed to be an uncommon condition influencing just youngsters, and was alluded to as pre-feeble dementia. Today late-beginning Alzheimer⠡â ¦s infection is perceived as the most well-known reason for the loss of mental capacity in those matured 65 and over. "Alzheimer ¡Ã‚ ¦s in individuals in their 30s, 40s, and 50s, called beginning stage Alzheimer⠡â ¦s ailment, happens significantly less habitually, representing under 10 percent of the assessed 4 million Alzheimer⠡â ¦s cases in the United States" (Encarta, 2004). Alzheimer's ailment propels in stages, advancing from mellow absentmindedness and subjective disability to boundless loss of mental capacities. In cutting edge Alzheimer's, individuals gotten reliant on others for each part of their consideration. The most widely recognized reason for death among Alzheimer's patients is contamination. Despite the fact that researchers are as yet finding out about Alzheimer⠡â ¦s, there is no cure.                Alzheimer's sickness is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German specialist. "In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer saw changes in the cerebrum tissue of a lady who had kicked the bucket of an uncommon psychological sickness. He discovered unusual bunches (presently called amyliod plaques) and tangled groups of filaments (presently called neurofibrillary tangles) inside the brain"(ADEAR, 2004). Researchers have discovered that tangles and plaques cause the neurons in the minds of Alzheimer⠡â ¦s patients to shrivel and in the long amazing. They start in the memory and language focuses lastly attack all through the cerebrum. &qu... ... previous president Ronald Reagan was determined to have malady, it has been a significant news feature from that point onward. There are a huge number of associations and webpage⠡â ¦s on the web that are loaded up with significant data helping people in general know about this ailment, what the signs are, and where to go for help. With our people born after WW2 maturing, the illness makes certain to rise more in the following couple of years.       Alzheimer⠡â ¦s infection has contacted numerous individuals since its revelation by Alois Alzheimer. Its impacts on the mind cause its casualties to lose a few, if not the majority of their memory. This makes the patient overlook things, for example, who and where they are, who their family members are, the means by which to return home, or in any event, when or how to eat. It is an individual catastrophe for the patient just as for those whom love and bear the weight of thinking about them. Alzheimer⠡â ¦s ailment is a moderate, dynamic malady with no known fix. The treatment for Alzheimer's is still in the beginning times yet there are many medication medicines accessible which help moderate its movement, and help with subjective capacities. As our populace ages, Alzheimer⠡â ¦s is just a disaster that will influence an ever increasing number of individuals.

Income elasticity of health care essay

Income elasticity of health care essay What is elasticity and why its important for economics? The term of elasticity plays a quite big role in economics. For any country its important to define the income elasticity of health care demand to manage the health economics more effectively. Two countries, Great Britain and United States were first who started to make research in such field as health economics. Elasticity in economics measures the ability of customers to buy goods. If the income elasticity goes high, it means that the customers are able to buy much more of this good. The ability to buy the goods increases with the growing of the customers income. If the income elasticity is positive, it means the health care is a normal good. For example, the income increased on 20% may lead to 10% increase of health care expenses. But if the income elasticity is negative, we can say that the health care is an inferior good. It can happen if health care expenses were decreased on 10% because of 20% increase of consumers income. When peoples income is increasing, their demand for health care increases too. It explains why highly developed countries have much higher level of medicine and health care compared to poor countries. Thats why its hard to define to sort health care services as necessity or optional, because for poor countries some services could be luxury, at the same time in rich countries the same health care services will be necessity. This dependence shows us that with growing income the demand is increasing as well. Needless to say that the elasticity of demand for health care services will be various. So, it will be more correctly if to value demand elasticities for each type of health services, such as x-ray, lab work, preventive care, etc. Health care services are very sensitive to income and prices, thats why some of these services (such as life saving measures, urgent operations, etc.) should be allowed even for poor people free or at a special price, because for them its impossible to pay for health care services the same price as rich or medium class people can allow. Of course, its necessary to make more research on health care economics to understand the demand. Its clear that elderly people have a higher demand for health care, so the costs of health care will increase for societies of aging people. Poor countries have lower demand, thats why health care wont be highly developed there.

Gondola Case Analysis - 1129 Words

Individual Case study A: 4 BMA258 Services Marketing 2015 Simon Martin 077915 Individual Case study A: 4 BMA258 Services Marketing 2015 Simon Martin 077915 Contents Introduction 1 Body 2 Conclusion 4 References 5 Introduction This report will provide information obtained through a case study, regarding the revenue management of gondolas. The report, will pay particular attention to the capacity of gondolas, revenue impacts, revenue maximisation and the difficulties whilst trying to balance heritage and culture, pricing structure, and will highlight recommendations and customer’s reactions. The report will contain definitions, strategies and theories gathered from relevant marketing texts. Body Case facts The case†¦show more content†¦Lovelock (2015, p.193) states that â€Å"the primary capacity constraint is likely to be defined in terms of such furnishings as beds, rooms or seats,† Indicating the source of the problem. The solution, redesign, increases the limit of passengers thus increasing capacity. An adjustment strategy used to oversee this implementation is known as chasing demand. The action to be used from strategy would be one Lovelock (2015, p.195) defines as â€Å"Schedule of downtime during periods of low demand†. During this period, the Gondolas could undergo the redesign, construction and modification, ensuring the demand can be met at its highest periods. Another strategy if the redesign is not successful is decreasing the allocation of time spent on the ride. This will facilitate demand as the number of rides offered will be increased dramatically. The level of capacity and gained revenue share relationship; one impacts the other. In this case as the level of capacity increases, allowing more passengers, higher revenue can be obtained. Furthermore the result of demand and supply would become more balanced and as operating costs are presumed to be the same; optimum capacity use. Question2 How can you balance revenue maximization with the maintenance of cultural heritage? Is it possible? If so what would you recommend? A business achieving revenue maximisation whilst balancing any other factor must understand complications can be evident.Show MoreRelatedDescription Of The Retailer Charming Charlie1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe objective of this report is to provide an in depth analysis of the retailer Charming Charlie, in regards to store layout, design, and visual merchandising. Emphasis will be placed on the store’s attraction to the target market, layout organization, and brand image consistency. Charming Charlie is a women’s contemporary jewelry and accessories specialty retailer. The following information is based on the observation of the Charming Charlie’s location in Ashley Park, which is a shopping centerRead MoreLas Vegas Is Unique Among Theu.s. Cities1495 Words   |  6 Pagesyou walk below. Known as the Fremont Street Experience, each night a fantastic music and visual show takes place overhead. Street performers and special entertainment acts often perform outdoo rs in this area. 3 Venetian Hotel and Gondola Rides. Venetian Hotel and Gondola Rides Visitors can walk through the themed shopping arcade built to resemble the city of Venice, complete with blue skies, canals, and gondoliers. 4 Paris Hotel and the Eiffel Tower Paris Hotel and the Eiffel Tower Paris HotelRead MoreMerchandising: Zara Hmv3135 Words   |  13 PagesStrong relationships with suppliers and excellent communication systems will ensure that the goods reach the HMV mega stores on time. A critical element influencing supplier relationships is the interchange of information. If the EDI system, in HMV s case, is handled efficiently, supplying uncertainties can be reduced. However, if there is poor information management between HMV and their suppliers then this can rapidly lead to mistrust and HMV may choose to look else where for their supplying needsRead MoreImpact Of Shelf Management On A Supermarket1802 Words   |  8 Pagesother items which can be thought to help improve the sales. Also, another objective of the research is to understand whether data analysis can be used to improve the shelf management and whether the inferences from such data analysis for a number of stores in a single supermarket can be characterized to be standard across the board or whethe r the output of such analysis should only be used in a particular store from which data was collected. Research Questions This research will concentrate the effortsRead MoreMarketing Strategy of the Supermarkets11926 Words   |  48 PagesAbout lighting .............................................................................................................. 29 About establishment’s organization ........................................................................... 29 V. Analysis of empirical data ...................................................................................................... 30 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Advertising ........................................................................................Read MoreDesigning A Different Design Issue1953 Words   |  8 Pagesexample, how designers interpret and further explain the problems in a design, how they then break them up, how they expect and predict upcoming or possible problems with relative resolutions, amelioration and evaluation of a design, as well as the analysis of the evaluation matters, and establishment of the problems. So, on the whole, analogies can really potentially help in addressing either one or any of all these works and jobs in a design. In order to clearly understand the process and effectRead MoreRetailing Management - Levy, Weitz5046 Words   |  21 Pagesstrategic plans at different levels within a retail corporation. Step I: Define the business mission Step II: Conduct a situation audit It is necessary to make provision for market, competitive and environmental factors. Strengths and weaknesses analysis indicates how well the business can seize opportunities and avoid harm from threats in the environment. Step III: Identify strategic opportunities Step IV: Evaluate strategic opportunities Step V: Establish specific objectives and allocate resourcesRead MoreTarget Corporation: Marketing Strategy and Analysis2871 Words   |  12 PagesTarget Corporation: Marketing Strategy and Analysis Target Corporation has recognized itself as one of the top retailers in the United States market on the basis of excellent service quality, customer experiences, operational excellence, strong financial position, and a wide array of product offerings. Through its high degree of service orientation at physical outlets and adoption of fair business practices, Target Corporation has become the most distinctive retailer in the eyes of its potentialRead MoreDriving Sales Through Shoppers’ Sense of Sound, Sight, Smell and Touch6345 Words   |  26 Pagesincluded expansion and visual enhancement of ï ¬ tting room waiting areas. Customers have so many choices – how do retailers get them to shop in their stores? Above-the-line communications (advertisements and online marketing) might be spot on in many cases, but are retailers really listening to shoppers and harnessing the power of below-the-line (point of purchase) and through-the-line schemes (the senses)? Not forgetting what drives shoppers in this era of many to many communications when social mediaRead MoreLidl Retail Scan8477 Words   |  34 Pagesmarketplace and customer needs and wants 4 1.1 Macro environment 4 1.1.1 Political: 4 1.1.2 Technological: 4 1.1.3 Environmental 4 1.1.4 Legal 4 1.2 Micro environment 5 1.2.1 Competitors 5 1.2.2 Customers 6 1.2.3 SWOT – analysis 6 2. Designing a customer-driven retail strategy 7 2.1 The market(s) toward which the retailer will direct its efforts 7 2.2 The nature of the merchandise and services the retailer will offer to satisfy the needs of the target market 7

Courir - French Verb Conjugations

Sexual Identity in the Arab World Free Essays

The ways in which regimes of law, cultural identity and state governance shape understandings of Muslim or Arab sexualities are many. In his article â€Å"Re-Orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World† Joseph Massad outlines some of these regimes. Massad argues that western orientalists and colonialists altered the way Muslims viewed their own sexuality by bringing into consciousness the idea of gay rights and thus homosexuality where it did not previously exist. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Identity in the Arab World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of this, Massad argues that the western influence completely transformed how Muslims understood their own sexuality. In the beginning of his article Massad points out how Arab and Iranian men would engage in both gay and heterosexual practices while simultaneously rejecting the ‘Western identity’ of gayness. While this opposes the idea of Western homosexuality it reflects an Arab understanding of sexuality as being fluid and not tightly restrained by identifying as either ‘gay’ or ‘straight. ’ This changed over time as Western influence became more prevalent in the Arab world through culture exchange. Massad refers to this cultural exchange by introducing the Gay International, a sort of missionary group who aims to ‘stabilize’ the sexual instability found within Arab societies. In other words, the Gay International aims to promote its views on sexuality and liberate Arabs into the Western world of homosexuality. This highlights how sexual identities can be created and can travel between societies through the work of individual groups. The Gay International succeeded in creating and dividing Arabs into two new forms of identity -both homo and hero sexuality, where previously these were unfamiliar concepts. As opposed to Western societies, Massad notes how the Arabic language only recently adopted words for homosexuality and heterosexuality. Further, the word for sexual deviance was only coined in the mid 19050 and is understood to refer to the Western concept of homosexuality. These examples of language show how Western concepts shape Muslim understandings of sexuality by introducing certain terms that reflect Western born concepts. By forcing Muslims to identify as homosexuals this placed them into a social group that could be targeted by police and government agencies. As noted in the article, police were able to target men â€Å"who identify as ‘gay’ on a personal level and who seek to use this identity as a group identification†¦ † The labeling of Arab men as homosexuals made them vulnerable to police attacks against this ‘socially deviant’ behavior. As a result of the introduction of Western cultural concepts of sexuality, Arab men were subsequently subject to repression by state government forces. Police targeting is not the only form of a state government’s control over sexual identity. Because homosexuality in the Arab world was transformed from a practice into an identity this made it also subject to antihomosexual laws. The Western concepts of sexuality have thus created a new cultural identity that is regulated by law and enforced by state governments in the Arab world. Nadine Naber’s paper entitled â€Å"Arab American Femininities: Beyond Arab Virgin/American(ized) Whore† highlights the conflicting identities of homo and heterosexuality while also showing how individuals deal with and combat socially constructed norms in an Arab context. Nadine analyzes ideas about virginity and homosexuality by interviewing young women who grew up surrounded by these issues. One of Nadine’s interviewees, Lulu, a gay Arab woman, describes how the connotation of homosexuality as being a Western concept was so engrained in her upbringing that she felt she could not be gay and Arab at the same time as they were such opposing identities. In Lulu’s case, she was able to resist the exorcising identity of being gay in an Arab family by seeking support from queer Arab groups. She was able to form a family with other socially ostracized women who were also shunned by the Arab belief that homosexuality is a Western born and promoted idea. By choosing these women as her ‘family’ Lulu is able to resist the patriarchal and heterosexual ideals of Arab culture. Lulu insists that ‘queer Arabs exist’ which is in itself an act of resistance against homophobic Arab understandings of sexuality. Because many Arabs view homosexuality as being created by Western culture they are able to sustain their cultural views on exuality by blaming gay identifying Arabs as being Americanized. This is one way Arabs are able to resist the Western binary form of identity as either a hetero or a homo sexual. Gay Arabs are simply non existent without American influence. In terms of the gay individuals themselves, they must also choose to resist or assimilate -or a combination of the two- into Western ideas of sexuality in order to understand their own sexual i dentity. In Lulu’s case, she chooses to resist the ‘normal’ path of an Arab women -who is to remain a virgin until she is married off- by openly identifying as gay. In the eyes of her parents she has chosen sex over her family and thus rejected her Arab family and culture. In her family’s view there is no way to combine a gay identity with the socially constructed views on sexuality found in Arab culture. Lulu rebels from her family’s views on Arab sexuality by embracing the identity of a gay Arab woman. Not only does Lulu rebel by identifying as gay but by doing this she simultaneously rejects the ‘virgin until married’ ideal bound to the heterosexual norm of Arab identity. While Massad’s work identifies the structures behind the creation of sexual identities and how these travel beyond state lines, Nadine’s paper shows how these constructed sexual identities affect individual’s understandings of their own identities in their every day lives. Nadine’s paper gives a personal face to sexual identity issues, showing how the cultural understandings of sexual identity laid out in Massad’s article effect those who are marginalized by the very dialogue that is used to define them. How to cite Sexual Identity in the Arab World, Essay examples

Physics M M lab Essay Example For Students

Physics M M lab Essay Purpose: To practice direct and indirect measurement Introduction: Do you think you could measure the average thickness of a sample of MMs without directly measuring selected MMs? The answer is yes, and in this activity you will make direct and indirect measurements of the thickness of MMs. You will compare the results and evaluate the reliability of each method of measurement. Be sure to view the tutorial on the proper use of the fernier caliper. Please re-visit the information on when to cite sources. Since a graduated cylinder is usually used for liquid measurement, students think hey need to put water in the cylinder. This is not true for this activity. The graduated cylinder will be kept clean and dryer this activity. It is also important to remember that in the metric system, one ml is the same volume as one cubic centimeter (1 ml = 1 com). MMS Materials: none Pictures will be provided of the experiment. Materials used in obtaining the pictures are a bag of regular (NOT peanut) MMs (about 8 oz), plastic fernier caliper, and 100 ml plastic graduated cylinder. Procedure: Start with a clean and dry 100 ml plastic graduated cylinder. Add MMs until the radiated cylinder is about 3/4 full. Gently tap the graduated cylinder to settle the MMs. Read the volume of MMs in com and record the value in Data Table 1 . 2. Pour the MMs onto a clean, dry table or other flat surface. Use your hands to gently push the MMs into a solid circular shape, not a ring. You want to minimize the spaces between MMs while making sure that the MMs are flat on the surface. Now use the pictures of the fernier caliper to measure the diameter of the MM circle. Record this value in Table 1. 3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated using a different number of MMs. The thickness of three single MMs selected at random from the sample are measured directly using the fernier caliper, which is precise to a thousandths of a centimeter (If you place an MM on a surface, the thickness is a measurement from 5. Submit your work according to the directions at the bottom of the page. You will complete the tables as you answer the questions. Be sure to include the information in the Tables as requested below, so your instru ctor can check your calculations. Questions: When you performed Step 2 of the procedure, you actually made a cylinder of MMs. The cylinder was rather smashed, and the height of the cylinder was the thickness of an MM. Recall that the equation for the volume of a cylinder is V = (3. 14)Q. A. Rearrange the equation for h. Show your work. B. Using the data from Table 1 and your equation, calculate the average thickness (height) of an MM for each trial. Record your calculated values in Table 1 . Hint: Students often forget that they must use the radius, and not the diameter, in the equation. Copy Table 1 into the assignment. C. You now have two values for the thickness of an MM in Table 1 . Determine the average MM thickness using these values and record your value in Table 3. D. You have Just determined a value for the thickness of an MM using the indirect method. What makes this method indirect? When Step 4 of the procedure was performed, a fernier caliper was used to measure the thickness of an MM. A. Using the data from Table 2, calculate the average MM thickness and record your value in Table 3. Copy Table 2 and Table 3 into the assignment. You have Just determined a value for the thickness of an MM using the direct method. What makes this method direct?

Explication The Doubt Of Future Foes Essays - Smallpox Survivors

Explication: The Doubt Of Future Foes EXPLICATION The Doubt of Future Foes by Queen Elizabeth I The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy, And wit me warns to shun such snares as threaten mine annoy. For falsehood now doth flow, and subject faith doth ebb, Which would not be, if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web. But clouds of toys untried do cloak aspiring minds, Which turn to rain of late repent, by course of changed winds. The top of hope supposed, the root of ruth will be, And fruitless all their graffed guiles, as shortly ye shall see. The dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, Shall be unsealed by worthy wights whose foresight falsehood finds. The daughter of debate, that eke discord doth sow Shall reap no gain where former rule hath taught still peace to grow. No foreign banished wight shall anchor in this port, Our realm it brooks no stranger's force, let them elsewhere resort. Our rusty sword with rest, shall first his edge employ To poll their tops that seek such change and gape for joy. Written in 1568 by one of England's most outstanding rulers, The Doubt of Future Foes captures a time of distress for Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth Jenkins, one of the great Queen's biographers, stated that Elizabeth was not poetical, but she shared that extraordinary gift of expression that was general among the English of the time, and once or twice she wrote some remarkable verse (Jenkens, Elizabeth the Great, 1958). In this particular remarkable verse, Elizabeth composed sixteen lines describing the troubled state of England and prophesied the fate of her enemies. Elizabeth uses alliteration in several lines, such as wisdom weaved the web and foresight falsehood finds, which reflects her well-educated and cultured background. However, the poem appears to be mainly a product of Elizabeth's struggles with adversaries and a threat to those who had the aspiring minds to attempt to remove her from the throne. The poem is written in octosyllabics: rhyming couplets with twelve syllables in the first line and fourteen syllables in the second line. This meter drums out a steady, forceful rhythm that further drills in the highly moralistic message of loyalty? or else. The first two lines state that Elizabeth's fear (doubt) about her enemies prevents her from being happy, and that if she were smart, she would ignore the traps those enemies had set in place to harm her with. Her cousin, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, had been giving her cousin grief about Elizabeth's unfulfilled promise when Mary was imprisoned to help her regain her throne (and succeeded in labeling Elizabeth as a hypocrite), but Mary refused to acknowledge the fact that Elizabeth had saved her life countless times. Her cousin also had her eyes on the British crown and appealed to Elizabeth's sympathy to begin to win it. However, advised by Sir William Cecil that her cousin had an appetite to the Crown, she handled Mary's demands, such as for Elizabeth's own royal garments, with caution and limitation. At this point in history, Elizabeth was also angered that the northern Catholics had spurned her exceptionally tolerant religious policy. The Catholics had always wanted Elizabeth oust ed from the throne because she had committed the travesty of being Protestant, and they looked at anything controversial that she did as a way to get her out. Line three describes treachery and devotion as a wave that recedes and swells; at the present time, allegiance is short of hand and treason is a constant threat. However, Elizabeth states in line four that if people had intelligence and common sense, they would be loyal to her. She feels this way not only because of her religious beliefs, but also because of the simple fact that she is Queen. Her subjects may be rebellious now, when they feel they may have a chance at overthrowing her, but ultimately she is still in power and has a golden finger to direct their fate. She alludes to the impending tools and tricks that her adversaries will use against her as clouds that will fall as rain when her enemies change their minds and beg pardon. She also portrays their false fronts as a shoot grafted into the growing

Death Penalty Debate

Death Penalty Debate Introduction Death penalty has been a serious debate issue both in the United States of America and other parts of the world. There have been those who champion for the abolition of death penalty and there have also been those who want the death penalty to be maintained citing that some criminals cannot be tolerated within the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So many nations in the world have been reported to have abandoned the death penalty yet others have continued to use it. It is crucial to mention that death penalty has been used constitutionally by some states to punish political dissidents hence raising the main objectives of the capital punishment in terms of containing felony and other forms of criminal activities all over the world. Similarities between the two articles The first similarity that is very conspicuous between the two articles is tha t they both address the issue of death penalty both within the United States of America and other parts of the world. The two articles are cognizant of the fact there are some states within the United States of America that have actually abolished death penalty as a capital punishment; however, they also recognize that of these states have not abolished the corporal punishment and still apply it in punishing specific class of criminals (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Again, the two articles examine the different modes of meting death penalty in the United States and other parts of the world. Amongst the mode of meting death penalty discussed by the articles are electrocutions through electric chair, lethal injection, gas chambers and firing by hidden prison warders. It is important to note that these articles distinguish these death penalty modes into both historic and current; they also cite technological advancements utilized in the process (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). It is also important to mention that the two articles are cognizant of the fact that the execution of those sentenced to state execution have slowed down over the past several years. They both explain that it has been highly possible that innocent people have mistakenly been executed only to be realized letter that they were innocent people. The slow down has been informed by the fact that there is need for thorough investigations to be conducted before carrying out executions. In the case of the United States of America, the slow down in the execution has been explained by the decision of the Supreme Court to stop the execution until repeals are conclusive on a particular case for which an inmate has been sentenced to death. Both articles have also addressed the fact that some governments have considered abolishing the death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). For instance, one article states that a good number of states are considering putting a stop to death as a capital penalty within their jurisdictions.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, another article reveals that the governor of the state of Illinois, George Ryan made of declaration of a suspension on death penalty and further appointed a commission and charged it with the responsibility of studying the system of capital punishment in the state (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Differences of the two essays As much as the two essays have addressed similar themes, there are some differences that can be pointed out. Whereas one essay has addressed the issue of death penalty in general, another is specific din pointing out the specific cases of executions that have taken place in the past. The essay on the American death penalty history reveals about the studies that have been done on how technological advancement has changed the way death penalty is carried out; for instance, it gives an insight into how death penalty has moved from trap-door gallows to what is known as the â€Å"Upright jerker† to electric chair then to gas chambers and finally to lethal injections. The other article has not addressed this issue. However, it is again important to note that the essay on history of The American death penalty has not addressed some issues that are addressed by the essay on the sow death. The essay slow death gives an insight about pressure to abandon death penalty; for instance, the articles states that in Colorado, one-vote margin was used to put down an uprising meant to go against the death penalty. This has not been hinted by the essay of the history of the American death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Again, the article on slow death has given statistics regarding death sentencing while the other article has not discussed any form of statistics. In this case, the essay on slow death has systematically given various statistics touchin g on different issues of capital punishment. For instance, it reveals that in 2009, the state and the federal courts sentenced 37 inmates to execution which it recognizes as the lowest number since the year 1994. In 2010, it further states that the number of those sentenced to death reduced to thirty. This makes the essay relevant in predicting that soon death penalty may be a thing of the past; this prediction is not possible with the essay about the history of the American death penalty since it is just a general discussion about death penalty in the United States of America (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). The essay on the slow death has revealed the fact that despite the commitment of various states to put an end to death penalty, there are some states that still strongly mete death penalty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the states is Texas which is described as amongst the world’s busiest executioners handling almost the largest executions in the world. This is stated that will make the United States of America in general unique with respect to abolition of death penalty worldwide. All these issues are not addressed by the other essay on the history of death sentencing in America (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). The essay on slow death has also discussed about the cost of death sentencing to the state and concerned individuals. The cost is examined in terms of moral cost and the financial cost. For instance, the essay indicates that anti-death penalty individuals have argued that the financial cost involved in death penalty issues could be utilized in taking care of unresolved murder issues that still pending within the justice system. In terms of moral cost, the essay on slow death posits that the death punishment has been disputed on the ground of it subverting what Pop John referred to as a â€Å"Culture of li fe.† However, the essay reveals that all these cannot be sufficient grounds on which death penalty should be abandoned. All these issues are also not addressed in the other essay that has dealt with the history of death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Conclusion Death penalty has been debated by so many people amongst who are those who fight for its abolition and those who favor it its retention within the statutes. The two articles have addressed the issue of death penalty. In the process they have some similarities and differences. Amongst the similar issues addressed by the two articles is the fight by anti-death penalty crusaders for states to abolish death penalty as a corporal punishment and the fact that some states are planning to abolish death penalty and struck it out of their statutory books. However, states like Texas has been described to still strongly cling to death penalty as a way of capital punishment and is not likely to let go any time soon (Bol e pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Two essays have also discussed certain issues differently. The article on slow death has given statistics regarding death sentencing while the other article has not discussed any form of statistics. In this case, the essay on slow death has systematically given various statistics touching on different issues of capital punishment. For example, it indicates that in 2009, the state and the federal courts sentenced 37 inmates to execution which it recognizes as the lowest number since the year 1994. This kind of statistics has not been given the other essay (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2).Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, the debate about death penalty is knot likely to end soon as long as there are still those who support its statutory relevance and those who view it as an outdated form of punishment and cruelty to humanity, especially with regards to how it is carried out. Even though some states in the United States of America and countries in other parts of the world have started to abolish the penalty other states are actually reinstating it in their constitution (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Bole, William. A slow Death. Common Wealth. New York: Common Wealth Foundation, 2009. Hartnett. Stephen. The Death Penalty: An American History. The Journal of American History: New York: Bloomington, 2003.

Five Guys Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Five Guys - Case Study Example In 2002, the Five Guys model was opened for franchising and expanded rapidly- over 1000 outlets were expected to open by the end of 2011, with over $1 Billion in sales (Weiss, 2011). The standard Five Guys simple and authentic vibe is strictly maintained in all the different outlets. Five Guys is a fast food chain of restaurants which specialize in the three items of hamburgers, fries and hotdogs. However, their menu pricing, quality and service type places them in the sub category of fast casual dining. Fast Casual is used to describe service outlets which do not offer full table service but there is an expectation of better food quality and atmosphere than fast food restaurants. The ingredients used are of better quality and the kitchen is visible for the dinners. Five Guys promotes an atmosphere which invokes memories of a 1950’s diner combined with the same kind of homemade food. The limited menu also allows them to concentrate on providing the best of those items rather than diversifying and losing their personalized touch. Fast casual lies between fast food and casual dining, offering customers a better value for their money and a more comfortable dining atmosphere which is greatly appealing for the people of a nation hit by recession. While Five Guys was a pioneer in this category, many fast food restaurants are quickly adopting regenerated menus and a more personalized service to compete with and enter into the fast casual and quick service categories. For the restaurant chain their emphasis has been on creating a more-for-slightly more value proposition. By charging over the average price charged by other chains, Five Guys provide much better food and service for their customers. This has helped them to distinguish themselves from other chains and gain an edge over their direct and indirect primary competitor. These

Johnny Lechner and his 12-year college education at the University of Essay

Johnny Lechner and his 12-year college education at the University of Wisconsin at Whitewater - Essay Example is taking this year instead of the regular 12 to 18 credits, as he has already taken all the existing courses available, and has even unknowingly repeated some of them twice. The decision of almost doubling the fees has come possibly in reaction to Lechners long stay at the institution, and Wisconsinites have dubbed it the Johnny Lechner rule. It is a valid decision, one that will encourage students to treat colleges and universities for what they are, venues for focused learning, for quenching intellectual thirst and gearing an individual towards becoming a useful member of the society. There are those that consider that this decision will be hard on those like Lechner. In Lechners defense, it must be said that he has paid his own fees for the last ten years, by working part time in order to support himself and through student loans, since his parents supported him only for the first two years of his college life. A man can strive to learn more and more for the sake of learning itself, and here is a man that tries to do his bit for society, and volunteers with numerous organizations, including Habitat for Humanity, the UW-Whitewater Prairie Restoration Project and Camp Getaway for inner-city Chicago children with AIDS. He is also a good student, who is regular in class, recently made the dean’s list with a 4.0 grade-point average for a semester and has got good grades throughout, even managing straight As in one semester. So one knows that he is not too weak a student to graduate, and is not graduating out of intention, not incapability. One may also argue that a persons life need not necessarily follow a particular mold, that includes educa tion, employment, marriage and retirement, and eventual death, and as long as he or she is not a burden on society a person may want to learn as much as possible, and study in order to do this. But this is where the contradiction comes in. Lechner has, in fact, been a burden on society these past years, because the

Vertebrate Success in the Urban Environment

Vertebrate Success in the Urban Environment Dr Giles Johnson Lay Abstract Despite urban expansion causing an overall decrease in the number and variety of animals that inhabit a given area, some vertebrate species have made a success of urban living. Using the red fox, the Norway rat, the rock dove, and the peregrine falcon as case studies, this review analyses the resources and features that allow these animals to thrive in human settlements; and in turn how living in such environments affects them. The literature provides evidence of the ample food that urban centres provide for vertebrates, primarily in the form of waste. In the case of the peregrine falcon, the arrival of the pigeon has provided a source of prey. The living requirements of each species differed due to differences in size, reproductive behaviour and the ability to fly. Living in urban environments has dramatic effects on these species; changes in social behaviour and reproduction contribute to more efficient exploitation of the resources available. We argue that a flexible strategy in t erms of behaviour and diet is fundamental to urban success in vertebrates. Knowledge in this area may provide the means to better control populations, curbing the spread of pest species and encouraging desirable species into urban centres. Scientific Abstract Despite the homogenising effect of urban expansion on species richness some vertebrates have successfully colonised the urban niche. Using Vulpes vulpes, Rattus norgevicus, Columba livia, and Falco peregrinus as case studies, this review analyses the resources available to these species and in the strategies employed to better exploit them. Urban centres provide ample food for vertebrates primarily in the form of human waste. In the case of F.peregrinus the establishment of colonies of C.livia provides a constant prey source encouraging expansion into urban centres; providing an example of secondary succession. Differences in size and behaviour as well as terrestrial and aerial lifestyles result in different living requirements and thus preference in urban density. Living in urban environments also exerts pressures on these species. Spatio-temporal changes in resources specifically result in changes in social behaviour as well as reproductive behaviour and physiology as an adaptive r esponse. We argue that plasticity in response to diet, behaviour and physiology are fundamental to urban vertebrate success. We suggest further research into whether such responses are genotypic or phenotypic. Better understanding of such phenomena may provide humans with better means to manage urban ecology. Introduction A 2014 report on urbanisation by the UN found 54% of the global population lived in urban centres at the time, meaning for the first time in human history more people live in urban than rural environments. This figure compares to 30% in 1950 with a projection to reach 66% by 2050. These trends are encouraged by both migration and an expected rise in the population from 7.2 billion to 9.6 billion by 2050 (UN, 2014). Despite urbanisation being attributed to threatening 8% of terrestrial species (Mcdonald et al., 2008) and having a homogenising effect on biodiversity (Clergeau et al., 2006), Angold et al. (2006) state that wildlife can indeed prosper in the urban environment. Although, Mckinney et al. (2006) correctly point out that some urban adaptable species tend to dominate the urban niche and spread globally resulting in biotic homogenisation. This review is concerned with vertebrate species that dominate the urban environment; assessing both the causes of such success and observin g the effects that urban life has upon these species. The introduction will define urbanisation and address both the potential negative and positive effects on overall biodiversity and on individual species. The body of this review will use two mammal and two bird species as case studies focusing on food, shelter, group behaviour, and reproduction as indicators of how species exploit the urban niche, and how in turn urban life can cause changes in these species. Jones and Leather (2012) define an urban area as a human settlement with a population greater than 10,000, characterised by a mosaic of land uses including residential, commercial, industrial and infrastructural with occasional green spaces. Moller et al. (2009) define urbanisation as the conversion of natural habitats into areas partly covered by buildings, heavily fragmented and with a high level of edge effects. Bateman and Fleming (2012) argue that urbanisation is difficult to define and will not only vary from region to region, but also exists on a scale with cities offering the most extreme of disturbed anthropogenic altered environments, through to towns and villages as well as infrastructure and parkland. It is often difficult to quantify the direct impact of urbanisation on an ecosystem due to urban centres usually predating modern ecological analysis, but, although caution should be taken with estimation, studies that compare urban systems to undisturbed natural ecosystems can provide some insight. One such study by Brook et al. (2003) assessed the impact that potential habitat loss in Singapore had on local biodiversity since the British colonised the region in 1819. The analysis combined historic documentation on land clearance and development with evidence of recent extinctions in the area. They calculated that 95% of the rainforest habitat had been cleared, estimating that the figure for overall biodiversity loss could be at minimum 28% with a vertebrate extinction rate between 34-43%. They further highlight the bleak outlook for wildlife in the region with 77% of local wildlife currently threatened. A recent study by Newbold et al. (2015) analysed the impact of land use on loca l biodiversity. The findings suggest that local richness, rarefied richness and abundance decrease as the intensity of human interference and population density increases, attributes all associated with urbanisation. These analyses draw attention to the impact that habitat loss caused through urban development can have on animal biodiversity. Destruction of habitat can also cause habitat fragmentation; the process of a habitat breaking apart and becoming increasingly isolated (Fahrig, 2003). Haddad et al. (2015) analysed data collected from over 35 years from several biomes globally and various fragment sizes. They found that fragmentation reduced biodiversity by between 13-70% with the effect greatest on the smallest and oldest fragments. The size and scale of this study provides strong evidence for such effects. Fragmentation can also exert genetic effects on a population by creating barriers through which genetic information cannot easily flow (Templeton et al., 1990). The smaller and more genetically isolated these populations are the greater likelihood the population will go extinct (Slatkin, 1977). Behavioural and morphological effects have also been observed in fragmented populations. The work of Hill et al. (1999) on the butterfly Hesperia comma in the South Downs found that individuals residing in more isolated f ragments tended to invest in larger flight muscles; a trait associated with increased dispersal distances, whereas individuals in less fragmented habitats tended to invest less in flight muscles and more in larger reproductive organs. Despite the negative impact on biodiversity there are opportunities in the urban ecosystem for animals that can take advantage. Anthropogenic food sources in the form of refuse (Gardner-Santana et al., 2009), spillage (Murton, 1972), and cultural feeding practices (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1990) all provide ample food supply for urban populations. Although buildings and infrastructure can cause fragmentation and mortality risk (Bateman and Fleming, 2012), the patchwork mosaic of commercial, residential and green spaces provides a variety of potential homes for animals (Angold et al., 2006). Once initial colonisation has taken place, the dramatic reduction in competition and abundance of resources allows a niche shift, contributing to a rapid establishment (Diamond, 1970). Despite the potential benefits, urban environments are still one of the most challenging for animals to live in due to the high level and wide range of anthropogenic disturbances; mostly in the form of development a nd traffic (Bateman and Fleming, 2012). This review will make the case that in this shifting environment a high level of behavioural, physiological and morphological plasticity contributes greatly to a species success. The four case studies were selected with three criteria in mind. First a sufficient body of literature to allow for detailed comparison. Second to provide insight into the effects urbanisation has on urban vertebrates. Third species were selected that offer specific challenges to society such as pest or endangeredÂÂ   species. The four vertebrate case studies analysed in this paper are the red fox, Vulpes vulpes; the Norway rat, Rattus norgevicus; the urban pigeon or rock dove, Columba livia; and the peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus. V.vulpes was selected due to the the well documented comparison between both its urban and rural ecology and behaviour. C.livia is another well studied urban species with a long urban history; originally being kept as a source of protein throughout the middle ages (Murton et al., 1972). The ecology R.norgevicus is less well studied. This is surprising as it isone of the most ecologically destructive vertebrates (Higgins et al., 2015), regarded amo ng the most numerous and pervasive of urban pests (Feng et al., 2012), and known to harbour many zoonotic pathogens (Himsowrth et al., 2013) making it an important topic for study. C.livia also presents similar problems, befouling public spaces through defecation, the fine particles of which are loaded with zoonotic pathogens creating a risk to public health (Hetmanski et al., 2010). F.peregrinus Is a particularly interesting case of an urban success story as they also represent one of the great conservation management success stories of the last century. In the Midwest it now exclusively resides in urban centres where it was extirpated following the population crash during the 50s and 60s (Caballero, 2016). Understanding what makes these species successful could potentially help with population control of dangerous pest species such as the Norway rat and the pigeon. Understanding the factors that contribute to these species success may also allow us to build environments that encourage desirable animals, such as the peregrine and the fox, as well as creating opportunities for less successful species.This review will analyse the traits that allow successful vertebrates to exploit the anthropogenic resources available, primarily in the form of food and shelter. It will also cover the behavioural and reproductive effects that the urban environment exerts upon these groups. Resources: Food Contesse et al. (2004) found that 85% of households in Zurich had anthropogenic food accessible to foxes. There is a vast array of literature that supports the claim that V.vulpes exploits such sources. Doncaster and Macdonald (1990) analysed the diet of the fox population in Oxford finding that a majority of 37% of the average annual food intake was scavenged, a result reflected by Contesse et al. (2004) in the city of Zurich where it reached 50%. Interestingly, in both studies this figure fluctuates in response to seasonal variation. Doncaster and Macdonald (1990) found scavenging was highest during the winter when other food sources were lower, and lowest during the late summer/autumn when seasonal fruits were abundant. This flexibility in diet is reflected in studies of V.vulpes in rural environments. One study in southern England found two thirds of the diet comprised of game, withÂÂ   mostly rodents and fruit making up the remainder (Reynolds and Tapper, 1995). Whilst anot her found that for foxes inhabiting mountainous regions in the Czech Republic rodents made up the majority, supported by varying quantities of beetles, ungulates, plant matter and fruit depending on the season (Hartova-Nentichova et al., 2010). In the urban context Contesse et al. (2004) note that the more extreme urban environments, such as the city centre, were associated with increased levels of dietary scavenge. Baker and Harris (2007) suggest opportunistic feeding a factor in the successful colonisation of the urban niche and these studies support such a claim. Pickett et al. (2001) propose that the increased quantity and continuous source of food in the form of human food waste as well as the cultural practice of feeding urban wildlife has a positive impact on the fox population. Further to this, Contesse et al. (2004) calculated that the surplus of refuse removed food as a limiting factor for the fox population in Zurich which has resulted in a large and increasing population . Unlike the Zurich fox population food is usually determines carrying capacity for urban rat populations (Higgins et al., 2015). This is possibly due to the varying lengths of time these populations have been established. V.vulpes colonised the UK in the 1930s (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1990) and Zurich in the 1980s (Contesse et al., 2004) whilst the commensal rat population has potentially lived alongside humans for thousands of years (Feng et al, 2014). An opportunistic generalist, R.norgevicus occupies urban centres and feeds primarily on refuse (Gardner-Santana et al, 2009). Schein and Orgain (1953) calculated that one third of anthropogenic refuse is a suitable food source for rats providing a constantly replenishing food source in urban areas. The Norway rat is so well adapted to urban life that it is rarely found in the wild, suggesting they require humans to survive (Feng and Himsworth, 2014). Although dietary flexibility has contributed to the colonisation of the urban niche t he suggestion that this species are now completely dependent upon it for survival might imply a lack of flexibility once established. A comparative study by Murton and Westwood (1966) found the rural population of C.livia nesting on the cliffs at Farnborough head fed on a variety of grains, legumes weed seeds and some small invertebrates; the ratios of which fluctuated in response to the agricultural season. The diet of the population in Leeds consisted primarily of bread but also fruit cake and commercial seed mix provided by the public. However, much of the produce found in the rural population was also present in the urban population. Murton and Westwood (1966) attributed this to the public but a study by Rose et al. (2006) provides further insight. The study analysed the spatio-temporal use of the urban habitat of C.livia in the city of Basel. They found that there were three different foraging strategies employed: 1) in the streets, squares and parks near the home site 2) In agricultural areas surrounding the city 3) on docks and railway lines in the harbour. Most individuals stayed within 0.3km of their nesti ng site in the city with only 7.5% of the population flying to the agricultural and dock sites which were over 2km away. It was found that these foraging strategies were only employed in conjunction with foraging near the home site suggesting they were secondary strategies when access to local sources was restricted. Evidence that urban pigeons employ a flexible foraging strategy. Ali et al. (2013) suggests that the worldwide urban pigeon population has boomed due to the continuous supply of anthropogenic food compared to seasonal fluctuations in rural environments. Interestingly, this population boom has potentially aided the colonisation of the urban niche and the recovery of the peregrine falcon. A study by Drewitt and Dixon (2008) analysed the diet of peregrines in three British cities: Bristol, Bath and Exeter. They found that pigeons and other doves comprised 47% of the peregrine diet making up the majority of the peregrine diet; reflecting figures from a study in Warsaw 32% (Rejt, 2001). Both studies observed seasonal fluctuations in the proportion of pigeon taken. Drewitt and Dixon (2008) noted that during the starling breeding season juveniles can make up 19% of the peregrine diet, whilst Rejt (2001) recorded a drop to 10-19% of pigeon in the diet during the migration season and exceeding 50% over the harsher winter months. It is thought that the coun tershading present on migrating birds which is beneficial in natural light is maladaptive in the artificial glare of the city lights allowing the peregrines to take advantage (Ruxton et al., 2004). TheseÂÂ   studies provide evidence for a flexible, opportunistic feeding strategy. Interestingly from an ecological perspective, the urban pigeon forming the base prey for urban peregrines (Cade and Bird, 1990) suggests secondary succession occurring in the urban environment; with the pioneer species C.livia allowing the establishment of F.peregrinus. These four case studies not only highlight the variety of food sources available to urban species but also provide insight in the type of feeding strategy enables species to exploit this niche. Although diet and preference might vary, a generalist opportunistic approach strategy is favoured, suited to the often constant but highly varied anthropogenic food types available. Resources: Places to Live Throughout the year V.vulpes rest in lays, structures that provide the fox with shelter, situationally (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1990). However, during the breeding season red foxes require open ground to construct breeding dens, due to this they prefer less dense residential areas where open ground provides suitable sites (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1990). In comparison the requirements of R.norgevicus are minimal, being smaller in size and less particular in regards to breeding sites. All that is needed is adequate harborage and a nearby food source, typically refuse (Gardner et al., 1948). Rats will burrow in soil, use abandoned structures, and even climb buildings and make nests from anthropogenic materials (Gardner et al., 1948). As a result rats thrive in run down neighbourhoods where there are more abandoned and neglected properties that provide harbourage (Himsworth et al., 2013). Although these two species require both refuge and food, differences in size and breeding behaviou r results in different requirements. As a consequence the fox faces greater restriction. Although birds face similar problems the spatial differences in habitat mean birds are less affected by fragmentation (Fahrig, 2003). A study by Ali et al., (2013) on the ecology of C.livia in Islamabad found pigeons to be present on bridges, tall buildings, as well as in semi urban spaces such as parks and gardens. Interestingly, population density increased around urban centres and decreased around semi-urban spaces showing a clear bias to extreme urban environments. The human environment also provides suitable nesting sites for F.peregrinus, with urban peregrines roosting on the tallest buildings in an urban space (Cade and Bird, 1990). It could be suggested that tall man-made structures such as skyscrapers mimic the cliff side habitat of these species allowing successful colonisation to occur. Effects: Range and Group Behaviour The urban environment is characterised by high level of disturbance. Construction, demolition and changes in human population all contribute to fluctuations in the spatial distribution of resources (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1990). In response to this we see high levels of plasticity in fox social behaviour (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1991; Baker et al., 1998). The home range of urban foxes is dramatically reduced usually extending for less than 100ha (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1991), whilst in rural individuals it can exceed 2000ha (Contesse et al., 2004). This is associated with increased resources over a smaller area which also results in increased population density (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1991). Interestingly, this has implications for the social behaviour of urban foxes. Red foxes are usually solitary animals that form pairs during the breeding season, but in urban settings live in groups of three to five (Doncaster and Macdonald, 1991). This is best explained by the spatio-tempo ral variation in the availability of resources in the anthropogenic environment which impacts both individual benefit and defence costs potentially leading to group formation (Doncaster and Macdonald, (1991); Baker et al., (1998). The spatial distribution of resources in towns and cities is such that with only two members the perimeter cannot be fully defended whilst the amount of resources within a territory are often abundant enough to promote group formation (Donacaster and Macdonald, 1991). These changes in social structure show high levels of behavioural plasticity which has potentially aided the expansion of the red fox into the urban niche. There are interesting parallels to draw between urban rat and fox populations, particularly in relation to range and social behaviour. The home range of urban rats is typically small; consisting of narrow strips between the animals harbourage and its food supply (Davis, 1953). Gardner-Santana et al. (2009) proposed that the range of urban rats is much smaller in urban environments, ranging from 25-150m (Davis, 1953), compared to those of rats in rural environments, which range from 260-2000m (Taylor and Quy, 1978). Feng et al. (2014) suggest that range is dependent on the availability of suitable harborage and food sources as well as pressure from conspecifics. This is comparable to the reduction in fox range which was attributed to a high density of anthropogenic resources in the urban environment. Like the red fox, urban rats also exist in larger colonies than their rural counterparts although, unlike foxes, they lack co-operative behaviour (Feng et al., 2014). In fact, the increas ed population density and fierce competition often results in increased levels of aggression (Feng et al., 2014). There is also evidence that spatio-temporal distribution of resources affects group size and behaviour in C.livia. Murton et al. (1972) noted that the flock size of C.livia was directly related to the quantity of daily food spillage, unlike in the closely related wood pigeon, C.palambus, where seasonal food supply dictates flock size. Murton also observed that pigeonsociety exists in hierarchical structure with some birds occupying the centre of the flock and having preferential access to the best feeding spots. Despite differences in social structure, the changes in range and group living in the fox, rat and pigeon offer insight into the effects that urban living can exert upon the behaviour of species. It could be suggested that the plastic nature of these behaviours has contributed to the success of these animals in the urban niche. Questioning whether such effects stem from the environment working on established plasticity within the genotype or whether such changes are the resul t of natural selection would provide an interesting topic for further study. Effects: Reproduction and Population Due to their high fecundity, even in urban environments with an abundant resources, food usually determines the carrying capacity of the urban rat population. A sexually mature female can produce five litters per year with 4-8 pups per litter (Margulis, 1977). The work of Ziporyn and McClintock (1991) noted that females living in groups often establish oestrus in synchrony, observing that when this occurred 80% of pups would survive compared to asynchronous breeders. These co-ordinated events result in population booms (ibid) which maintains the numerous population. Glass and Herbert (1988) also noted that urban rats grow faster and reach sexual maturity sooner than their rural counterparts, suggesting the abundance of anthropogenic resources as a cause. Understanding when these booms occur could help humans better control urban rat populations. The effect of increased resources on rats draws parallels with the population dynamics of C.livia. Hetmanski et al. (2010) found that the size of a pigeon population in an urban environment was linked not only to the size of the urban environment but also with the density of the human population, suggesting a correlation with increased anthropogenic resources. Murton et al. (1972) noted that due to the copious food supply there is little migration resulting in nest sites remaining occupied all year and rarely becoming available. This change in behaviour meant that two thirds of the pigeon population failed to breed potentially decreasing the effective population size. Further to this, there is evidence that males carry an allele that lengthens the breeding season and increases fertility (Murton et al., 1973) suggesting there is a selective advantage for remaining sexually active for longer. Changes in reproductive strategy in urban F.peregrinus have been attributed to the speed of its recovery since the population crash in the 50s/60s. A study by Kauffman et al. (2003) compared the survival rate of rural and urban peregrines in California. During the first year it was found that urban young had a 65% chance of survival compared to 28% in rural individuals. Caballero et al. (2016) also found that the urban clutch size tends to be larger, with an average clutch size reaching 4-5 in urban environments compared to 3 in rural. This effect has resulted in a population boom with populations in the UK and Germany already exceeding pre-crash levels (Rejt, 2001) Although the mechanisms differ, there is a clear pattern for increased fecundity in urban populations of these species contributing to their success. Conclusions The case studies discussed provide evidence of the opportunities available to vertebrates with the means to take advantage of them. Despite different needs, the human habitat offers ample shelter for vertebrates, with rats and foxes occupying spaces determined by their size and behaviour whilst man-made structures mimicking the natural habitat of peregrines and pigeons offer nesting sites. Anthropogenic waste and cultural practice supplies foxes, rats and pigeons with an abundant food supply that, although fluctuates spatio-temporally in relation to human rhythms, does not suffer the same seasonal fluctuations which characterise the rural environment. This combines with the opportunistic generalist nature that characterises these species allowing them to take advantage of such resources. Consequentially, there are marked changes in behaviour with determined by the change in urban resource distribution. This has resulted in increased group size and co-operation in V.vulpes; alteration in flock size relating to daily opposed to seasonal resource fluctuations in C.livia; and larger more aggressive colonies of R.norgevicus. Peregrines also benefit from a constant food supply in the form of the anthopogenically supported pigeon population; an example of secondary succession of the urban environment. They exhibit opportunistic behaviour in both the species they hunt and their potential use of skyscrapers as hunting aids. The argument for a degree of behavioural plasticity allowing these species to take better advantage of such resources is well supported but questions are still to be answered on whether such changes are a result of natural selection or are phenotypic responses to changes in environment. Similar questions also arise when considering the effects the urban environment has on reproduction. Although the mechanisms differ, we see a pattern of increased fecundity across the case studies. Increase in fledgeling success in F.peregrinus is easily explained by ecological factors, but the change in peregrine clutch size and the increased growth and approach to sexual maturity in R.norgevicus are less easily determined. The identification of an allele in C.livia that extends the breeding season suggests a genetic cause in this instance. However, each case should be considered independently and these situations open up a multitude of questions in relation to whether cases of behavioural and physiological plasticity is related to the genotype or phenotype of an organism. There are surprising gaps in the literature and areas that appear to be poorly replicated. Reviews on urban rats comment on the lack of ecological understanding of R.norgevicus. From a utilitarian perspective this is counterintuitive considering the risk it poses ecologically, economically, and to public health. Conversely, the literature on urban foxes is both extensive and varied, perhaps denoting the popularity of this animal in the public mind. From a practical perspective this information is perhaps less useful although the cultural impact of urban wildlife should not be dismissed or undervalued. The projected increase of urbanisation highlights the importance of understanding both the traits of successful species and qualities of the environment that encourage vertebrate success. Such information can provide us with the means to better manage urban populations. In regards to pest species this could aid efforts to control and minimise their success, whilst better planning could attract not only current successful species but also edge species into the urban environment. References Ali, S., Rakha, B., Hussain, I., Nadeem, M. Rafique, M. (2013). Ecology of Feral Pigeon (Columba livia) in Urban Areas of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(5), 1229-1234. Angold, P., Sadler, J., Hill, M., Pullin, A., Rushton, S., Austin, K., Small, E., Wood, B., Wadsworth, R., Sanderson, R. Thompson, K. (2006). Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. Science of the Total Environment, 360(1-3), 196-204. Baker, P. Harris, S. (2007). Urban mammals: what does the future hold? An analysis of the factors affecting patterns of use of residential gardens in Great Britain. Mammal Review, 37(4), 297-315. Baker, P., Robertson, C., Funk, S. Harris, S. (1998). Potential fitness benefits of group living in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. Animal Behaviour, 56, 1411-1424. Bateman, P. Fleming, P. (2012). Big city life: carnivores in urban environments. Journal of Zoology, 287(1), 1-23. Brook, B., Sodhi, N. Ng, P. (2003). Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature, 424(6947), 420-423. Caballero, I., Bates, J., Hennen, M. Ashley, M. (2016). Sex in the City: Breeding Behaviour of Urban Peregrine Falcons in the Midwestern US. Plos One, 11(7). Cade, T. BIird, D. (1990). Peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus, nesting in the urban environment a review. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 104(2), 209-218. Clergeau, P., Croci, S., Jokimaki, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimaki, M. Dinetti, M. (2006). Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation: Analysis at different European latitudes. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 336-344. Contesse, P., Hegglin, D., Gloor, S., Bontadina, F. Deplazes, P. (2004). The diet of urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the availability of anthropogenic food in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. Mammalian Biology, 69(2), 81-95. Davis, D. (1953). The

Of Mice And Men: Burdens Of Responsibility :: essays research papers

Of Mice and Men: Burdens of Responsibility "OF MICE AND MEN IS A NOVEL WHICH EXPLORES THE BURDENS OF RESPONSIBILITY AS MUCH AS ITS REWARDS." By evaluating the novel of mice and men carefully I have found that every character in the novel has a facet of life that consists of burdens and responsibilities. The characters in the novel basically have three options in which they can live their lives. They can knuckle down, work hard, keep a positive frame of mind and try earnestly to improve their standard of living. An example of this is would be George Milton and Lennie Small. The other option is to walk around with a chip on their shoulder, not bother to improve oneself but eradicate those around him or her that serve as a frustration or nuisance. An ideal example of this would be Curley when he decides to target Lennie as a'frustration' and subsequently attacks him with no real valid reason apart from jealousy and spite. The last option concerns Candy and Crooks to an extent. They live a fairly meaningless life void of love and affection. They have few friendships and cling to anyone who shows them sincere attention. An example of this is when Lennie has a conversation with Crooks and he expresses his feelings of loneliness. Another example is when Carlson shoots Candy's dog. Candy becomes very eager to attach himself to George and lennie and purchase a house with them as a result of the loss of his only real love in his life. The responsibilities of aspiration and hope play a major role in the structure of George, Lennie and Curley's wife's character. To an extent their aspirations protect them from reality for short stints and acts like a recharge to their motivational batteries. This is a good thing more often than not. Examples of these instances are when Lennie and George are sitting on the bank of a pool of the Salinas river in the last chapter. George is in the process of telling Lennie how together they are "gonna get a little place." He does this because he knows it makes Lennie happy and he wants Lennie's last thoughts to be of his ideal world not terror. George then shoots Lennie in the back of the head doing whats best for everyone, and Lennie dies in a state of utopia, his reward. An example of Curley's wife's hopes is when she finally finds a person around the ranch who sees her not as an object of lust but someone to talk to. This person

Religious Dissent, Discord, Settlement and Religious Essay

This section of the paper introduces the topic and the thesis. In support of the formation of the thesis, the introduction discusses a brief history of the Tudor reign, and how prior monarchies have created religious divisions within the English society. The introduction enumerates the main concerns surrounding the topics of religious dissent, discord, settlement and religious atmosphere that took place before and during the reign of Elizabeth I. The introduction also establishes the argument as to whether Elizabeth I’s solution to the religious conflict, the creation of a united church, was an important and feasible move considering the politics surrounding her reign and the pressing influence of Rome on the religious affairs of many countries, particularly in Europe. Although this would eventually lead to the formation of the Church of England and the English Reformation, it is important to examine the historical impact of Elizabeth I’s decision in terms of implementing a defined and united English church. II. The Religious Atmosphere Prior to Elizabeth II Overview Elizabeth I’s impact on the religious life in England can be attributed to the problems which she inherited; this section discusses these factors, briefly touching on the religious atmosphere during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VII and Mary I. As religion played an important role in England at that time, especially with the influence of the Roman Catholics pertaining to England’s foreign relations with Rome and other parts of Europe, the religious atmosphere prior to Elizabeth I’s reign can be observed to represent deep divisions as some groups wanted to have a different interpretation and practice of the sacred Christian texts and rituals, whereas some wanted to follow the Roman Catholic way. Although this may seem like a small problem, religion’s role in the societies of those times was critical. At that time, the Church had a strong influence on the State, and this was something upheld by previous monarchs before Elizabeth I took the throne. Certain wars sprung out because of religious conflict, and it became a pressing problem especially as before Elizabeth I had to address the re-installation of Catholicism in England under Mary I’s period. II. a Religious Atmosphere Under Henry VIII II. b Religious Atmosphere Under Mary I III. Elizabethan Reign: Dissent, Discord and Religious Settlement and Atmosphere Overview This section provides a more detailed historical approach in Elizabeth I’s religious settlement. This takes from Elizabeth I’s decision to re-establish the Church of England and break ties with Rome. This section also touches on the different acts or laws implemented at that time which would serve as steps in the implementation of the Church of England and address religious divisions in the society. This section also provides a concise but substantive background on Elizabeth I’s installation as Queen in supplement to her religious settlement. This is an important aspect of the paper as Elizabeth I’s background provides the motivation and the decision of the queen, especially in terms of her religious settlement. IV. Elizabethan England: Religion and Renaissance This section touches on the English society during the Elizabethan era. This provides a background of the religious atmosphere in the country and how, during Elizabeth I’s reign, the English society started to change. This also gives a background on how and why Elizabeth I’s period has been considered as the Golden Age of English history in which this era became a point of significant accomplishments of literature and art, in addition to the prevalence of the Protestant Reformation mindset of the people. What is interesting is that although Elizabeth I would stabilise Protestantism in England, and she would be recognised for it, this did not prevent the emergence of the English Renaissance where the Elizabethan society would adopt a more open mind towards the arts and the sciences. V. Conclusion This paper concludes with an analysis of Elizabeth I’s religious settlement and how this would serve as an important seed to the formation of the English society especially in the religious and political context. This section also summarises the aspects of religious dissent and discord, especially as to whether Elizabeth I successfully addressed the deep religious divisions in the English society; this is an important point of discussion as her religious settlement was not just aimed to address religious conflict within the country but also as a means for her to install her legitimacy and rule an era of renaissance instead of religiosity.

Characteristics Of Beowulf - 861 Words

The poem Beowulf is a story that was passed down vocally, through generations, before a monk recorded the story in Old English. The story tells a journey of a young warrior, Beowulf, who is constantly faced with the task of defeating evil in order to pursue harmony throughout the land of Herot. As time progressed, english historians have declared that Beowulf can be considered and epic hero. An epic hero is a person who holds both bravery and nobility based on the actions that are accomplished. He or she is a character who holds specific characteristics above the rest of the society, as if they are the leader or role model that the community values all together. In order to be considered an â€Å"epic hero† one must hold specific requirements:†¦show more content†¦Beowulf’s first struggle was against Grendel, a monster who would not be damaged by the impact of weapons. Despite the weakness, Beowulf was able to overcome the demon with his pure strength. The town speople were saved and the â€Å"old and young rejoiced, turned back from that happy pilgrimage, mounted their hard-hooved horses, high spirited stallions, and rode them slowly towards Herot again, retelling Beowulf’s bravery as they jogged along† (375-379). In short, this explains that Beowulf’s success in battle translates into the success of the town and the safety of its people. In his battle with Grendel’s mother, he discovered she was much stronger than her son was, however, he knew he could not give in. She was described as ferocious and strong, no match could stand before her. The story reads, â€Å"She’d taken Hrothgar’s closest friend, / The man he most loved of all men on earth; / She’d killed a glorious soldier, cut / A noble life short† (414-417). If Beowulf had not been able to defeat the beast, she would have stole away to the city and destroyed everyone and everything; the destruction she would have caused would have been endless. Beowulf has many superhuman traits that separate him from normal humans. He fought both Grendel and his mother with his bare hands and strength. The story reads, â€Å"IfShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of Beowulf936 Words   |  4 Pagesand war. Often times the epics and traditional stories passed down are centered around battles where the hero represents strong leadership characteristics. The story of Beowulf was commonly used as a story to teach upcoming leaders powerful ways to lead. Common traits are shown in the story illustration common themes for leadership. Throughout the epic of Beowulf, an element of Anglo-Saxon culture is represented in the virtues of humility through actions, loyalty in the fighting, and the Code of ComitatusRead MoreCharacteristics Of Beowulf710 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf, the Game: The Traits of Beowulf and his Heroic Demise. I chose to create a board game based on the Old English Poem, Beowulf, because through creating the event cards, I was able to analyze the characteristics of Beowulf which led him towards his valiant death. This was achieved by associating the moving figures (players) with a specific trait that Beowulf embodies throughout the poem; each trait was assigned a color which represents the characteristic connected to it in order to differentiateRead MoreBeowulf Characteristics895 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf could, more than easily, be described as a typical Anglo-Saxon hero. More likely he would be the model of one. The story of his life was a staple in the Anglo-Saxon society. There are three distinct traits that make up the Anglo-Saxon hero. Those three traits would be Larger Than Life Strength, Loyalty to lord/Lord and Bravery. There has only been one hero in Anglo-Saxon history, only one man can meet every requirement one needs to be classified as a hero. Only one man’s stren gth, selflessnessRead MoreCharacteristics Of Beowulf1100 Words   |  5 Pagessociety. In the days of Beowulf and the Vikings, a hero was a man who was strong, courageous, and willing to protect his land and provide for his people. In today’s world, a hero is someone who is known for their selflessness and bravery. Beowulf is described as an epic hero before he even speaks a word in the story. He is described as mightiest man on earth, the noble warrior, and the man whose name was known for courage, the Great leader. These opening quotes about Beowulf alone make it seem likeRead MoreCharacteristics Of Beowulf1577 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintain such qualities, they can either use their talents for personal gains or use the extraordinary features for the well-being of others. A prime example of an epic hero who convey these attributes is a character named Beowulf. While progressing through his journey, Beowulf demonstrates a great sense of devotion to his people and their welf are through his level of loyalty. Additionally, his actions dealing with his superior strength are all taken on a basis to benefit and help his people. LastlyRead MoreWhat Are The Characteristics Of Beowulf1458 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 2017 Beowulf Have you ever thought of being so strong that you have the ability to fight with a dragon and kill it? Beowulf, an epic written in England by an anonymous writer that tells how this powerful and fearless human being that fights monsters and dinosaurs with his bare hands and sometimes with weapons. An Epic is a long narrative poem, sometimes developed orally, that celebrates heroic deeds and legendary events (Wiggins 39). This epic generally describes about how Beowulf was a greatRead MoreThe Characteristics Of The Epic Of Beowulf964 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf is one of the worlds most important poetic works. The manuscript of the work in its entirety is dated as far back as the year 1000, but the poem itself dates back much farther in oral form (107). Beowulf is an Old English poem displaying characteristics of medieval English culture, particularly on â€Å"its ability to integrate pagan Germanic history within the framework of the Christian Middle Ages† (107 ). The story is set in the sixth century, and at this time it was the beginningRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Heroism In Beowulf857 Words   |  4 PagesHeroism Essay What really defines a hero? Beowulf has been known as one of the greatest heroes in Anglo Saxon history: Strong, brave, and a great leader who will lay his life down for his people. Heroes now, show many of the same qualities, but can come in many different shapes and sizes, some even in the shape of a kitchen sponge. Beowulf’s stories depict epic quests across new and foreign lands. He goes on these quest either to keep his people safe from monster, or earn fame and glory throughoutRead MoreBeowulf : Characteristics Of An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 PagesAhissa Rice Mrs. Scheel 2Y English 12 20/11/17 Beowulf: Characteristics of an Epic Hero In Anglo-Saxon literature and culture, to be considered a hero was to also be considered a warrior/ soldier. To be a hero, you had to not only be strong but you also had to be smart, and have plenty of courage. These warriors were willing to face any type of trials and tribulations at any odd. These types of heroic warriors would fight to the death to obtain glory and save their people. The Anglo-Saxon hero neededRead MoreThe Characteristics Of My Dad And Beowulf730 Words   |  3 PagesMy Dad and Beowulf How do average people stack up against an epic hero? An epic hero possesses key traits such as courage, bravery, selflessness, humility, patience, and caring. Does someone we look up to also possess many of the same traits? Jamie Smith is a person to compare to an epic hero, in this case the hero being Beowulf. Characteristics of the epic hero Beowulf, include his caring, bravery, and other traits will be compared to Jamie Smith and how he ranks up against Beowulf. First of all