Income elasticity of health care essay

Income elasticity of health care essay What is elasticity and why its important for economics? The term of elasticity plays a quite big role in economics. For any country its important to define the income elasticity of health care demand to manage the health economics more effectively. Two countries, Great Britain and United States were first who started to make research in such field as health economics. Elasticity in economics measures the ability of customers to buy goods. If the income elasticity goes high, it means that the customers are able to buy much more of this good. The ability to buy the goods increases with the growing of the customers income. If the income elasticity is positive, it means the health care is a normal good. For example, the income increased on 20% may lead to 10% increase of health care expenses. But if the income elasticity is negative, we can say that the health care is an inferior good. It can happen if health care expenses were decreased on 10% because of 20% increase of consumers income. When peoples income is increasing, their demand for health care increases too. It explains why highly developed countries have much higher level of medicine and health care compared to poor countries. Thats why its hard to define to sort health care services as necessity or optional, because for poor countries some services could be luxury, at the same time in rich countries the same health care services will be necessity. This dependence shows us that with growing income the demand is increasing as well. Needless to say that the elasticity of demand for health care services will be various. So, it will be more correctly if to value demand elasticities for each type of health services, such as x-ray, lab work, preventive care, etc. Health care services are very sensitive to income and prices, thats why some of these services (such as life saving measures, urgent operations, etc.) should be allowed even for poor people free or at a special price, because for them its impossible to pay for health care services the same price as rich or medium class people can allow. Of course, its necessary to make more research on health care economics to understand the demand. Its clear that elderly people have a higher demand for health care, so the costs of health care will increase for societies of aging people. Poor countries have lower demand, thats why health care wont be highly developed there.

Gondola Case Analysis - 1129 Words

Individual Case study A: 4 BMA258 Services Marketing 2015 Simon Martin 077915 Individual Case study A: 4 BMA258 Services Marketing 2015 Simon Martin 077915 Contents Introduction 1 Body 2 Conclusion 4 References 5 Introduction This report will provide information obtained through a case study, regarding the revenue management of gondolas. The report, will pay particular attention to the capacity of gondolas, revenue impacts, revenue maximisation and the difficulties whilst trying to balance heritage and culture, pricing structure, and will highlight recommendations and customer’s reactions. The report will contain definitions, strategies and theories gathered from relevant marketing texts. Body Case facts The case†¦show more content†¦Lovelock (2015, p.193) states that â€Å"the primary capacity constraint is likely to be defined in terms of such furnishings as beds, rooms or seats,† Indicating the source of the problem. The solution, redesign, increases the limit of passengers thus increasing capacity. An adjustment strategy used to oversee this implementation is known as chasing demand. The action to be used from strategy would be one Lovelock (2015, p.195) defines as â€Å"Schedule of downtime during periods of low demand†. During this period, the Gondolas could undergo the redesign, construction and modification, ensuring the demand can be met at its highest periods. Another strategy if the redesign is not successful is decreasing the allocation of time spent on the ride. This will facilitate demand as the number of rides offered will be increased dramatically. The level of capacity and gained revenue share relationship; one impacts the other. In this case as the level of capacity increases, allowing more passengers, higher revenue can be obtained. Furthermore the result of demand and supply would become more balanced and as operating costs are presumed to be the same; optimum capacity use. 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Courir - French Verb Conjugations

Sexual Identity in the Arab World Free Essays

The ways in which regimes of law, cultural identity and state governance shape understandings of Muslim or Arab sexualities are many. In his article â€Å"Re-Orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World† Joseph Massad outlines some of these regimes. Massad argues that western orientalists and colonialists altered the way Muslims viewed their own sexuality by bringing into consciousness the idea of gay rights and thus homosexuality where it did not previously exist. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Identity in the Arab World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of this, Massad argues that the western influence completely transformed how Muslims understood their own sexuality. In the beginning of his article Massad points out how Arab and Iranian men would engage in both gay and heterosexual practices while simultaneously rejecting the ‘Western identity’ of gayness. While this opposes the idea of Western homosexuality it reflects an Arab understanding of sexuality as being fluid and not tightly restrained by identifying as either ‘gay’ or ‘straight. ’ This changed over time as Western influence became more prevalent in the Arab world through culture exchange. Massad refers to this cultural exchange by introducing the Gay International, a sort of missionary group who aims to ‘stabilize’ the sexual instability found within Arab societies. In other words, the Gay International aims to promote its views on sexuality and liberate Arabs into the Western world of homosexuality. This highlights how sexual identities can be created and can travel between societies through the work of individual groups. The Gay International succeeded in creating and dividing Arabs into two new forms of identity -both homo and hero sexuality, where previously these were unfamiliar concepts. As opposed to Western societies, Massad notes how the Arabic language only recently adopted words for homosexuality and heterosexuality. Further, the word for sexual deviance was only coined in the mid 19050 and is understood to refer to the Western concept of homosexuality. These examples of language show how Western concepts shape Muslim understandings of sexuality by introducing certain terms that reflect Western born concepts. By forcing Muslims to identify as homosexuals this placed them into a social group that could be targeted by police and government agencies. As noted in the article, police were able to target men â€Å"who identify as ‘gay’ on a personal level and who seek to use this identity as a group identification†¦ † The labeling of Arab men as homosexuals made them vulnerable to police attacks against this ‘socially deviant’ behavior. As a result of the introduction of Western cultural concepts of sexuality, Arab men were subsequently subject to repression by state government forces. Police targeting is not the only form of a state government’s control over sexual identity. Because homosexuality in the Arab world was transformed from a practice into an identity this made it also subject to antihomosexual laws. The Western concepts of sexuality have thus created a new cultural identity that is regulated by law and enforced by state governments in the Arab world. Nadine Naber’s paper entitled â€Å"Arab American Femininities: Beyond Arab Virgin/American(ized) Whore† highlights the conflicting identities of homo and heterosexuality while also showing how individuals deal with and combat socially constructed norms in an Arab context. Nadine analyzes ideas about virginity and homosexuality by interviewing young women who grew up surrounded by these issues. One of Nadine’s interviewees, Lulu, a gay Arab woman, describes how the connotation of homosexuality as being a Western concept was so engrained in her upbringing that she felt she could not be gay and Arab at the same time as they were such opposing identities. In Lulu’s case, she was able to resist the exorcising identity of being gay in an Arab family by seeking support from queer Arab groups. She was able to form a family with other socially ostracized women who were also shunned by the Arab belief that homosexuality is a Western born and promoted idea. By choosing these women as her ‘family’ Lulu is able to resist the patriarchal and heterosexual ideals of Arab culture. Lulu insists that ‘queer Arabs exist’ which is in itself an act of resistance against homophobic Arab understandings of sexuality. Because many Arabs view homosexuality as being created by Western culture they are able to sustain their cultural views on exuality by blaming gay identifying Arabs as being Americanized. This is one way Arabs are able to resist the Western binary form of identity as either a hetero or a homo sexual. Gay Arabs are simply non existent without American influence. In terms of the gay individuals themselves, they must also choose to resist or assimilate -or a combination of the two- into Western ideas of sexuality in order to understand their own sexual i dentity. In Lulu’s case, she chooses to resist the ‘normal’ path of an Arab women -who is to remain a virgin until she is married off- by openly identifying as gay. In the eyes of her parents she has chosen sex over her family and thus rejected her Arab family and culture. In her family’s view there is no way to combine a gay identity with the socially constructed views on sexuality found in Arab culture. Lulu rebels from her family’s views on Arab sexuality by embracing the identity of a gay Arab woman. Not only does Lulu rebel by identifying as gay but by doing this she simultaneously rejects the ‘virgin until married’ ideal bound to the heterosexual norm of Arab identity. While Massad’s work identifies the structures behind the creation of sexual identities and how these travel beyond state lines, Nadine’s paper shows how these constructed sexual identities affect individual’s understandings of their own identities in their every day lives. Nadine’s paper gives a personal face to sexual identity issues, showing how the cultural understandings of sexual identity laid out in Massad’s article effect those who are marginalized by the very dialogue that is used to define them. How to cite Sexual Identity in the Arab World, Essay examples

Physics M M lab Essay Example For Students

Physics M M lab Essay Purpose: To practice direct and indirect measurement Introduction: Do you think you could measure the average thickness of a sample of MMs without directly measuring selected MMs? The answer is yes, and in this activity you will make direct and indirect measurements of the thickness of MMs. You will compare the results and evaluate the reliability of each method of measurement. Be sure to view the tutorial on the proper use of the fernier caliper. Please re-visit the information on when to cite sources. Since a graduated cylinder is usually used for liquid measurement, students think hey need to put water in the cylinder. This is not true for this activity. The graduated cylinder will be kept clean and dryer this activity. It is also important to remember that in the metric system, one ml is the same volume as one cubic centimeter (1 ml = 1 com). MMS Materials: none Pictures will be provided of the experiment. Materials used in obtaining the pictures are a bag of regular (NOT peanut) MMs (about 8 oz), plastic fernier caliper, and 100 ml plastic graduated cylinder. Procedure: Start with a clean and dry 100 ml plastic graduated cylinder. Add MMs until the radiated cylinder is about 3/4 full. Gently tap the graduated cylinder to settle the MMs. Read the volume of MMs in com and record the value in Data Table 1 . 2. Pour the MMs onto a clean, dry table or other flat surface. Use your hands to gently push the MMs into a solid circular shape, not a ring. You want to minimize the spaces between MMs while making sure that the MMs are flat on the surface. Now use the pictures of the fernier caliper to measure the diameter of the MM circle. Record this value in Table 1. 3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated using a different number of MMs. The thickness of three single MMs selected at random from the sample are measured directly using the fernier caliper, which is precise to a thousandths of a centimeter (If you place an MM on a surface, the thickness is a measurement from 5. Submit your work according to the directions at the bottom of the page. You will complete the tables as you answer the questions. Be sure to include the information in the Tables as requested below, so your instru ctor can check your calculations. Questions: When you performed Step 2 of the procedure, you actually made a cylinder of MMs. The cylinder was rather smashed, and the height of the cylinder was the thickness of an MM. Recall that the equation for the volume of a cylinder is V = (3. 14)Q. A. Rearrange the equation for h. Show your work. B. Using the data from Table 1 and your equation, calculate the average thickness (height) of an MM for each trial. Record your calculated values in Table 1 . Hint: Students often forget that they must use the radius, and not the diameter, in the equation. Copy Table 1 into the assignment. C. You now have two values for the thickness of an MM in Table 1 . Determine the average MM thickness using these values and record your value in Table 3. D. You have Just determined a value for the thickness of an MM using the indirect method. What makes this method indirect? When Step 4 of the procedure was performed, a fernier caliper was used to measure the thickness of an MM. A. Using the data from Table 2, calculate the average MM thickness and record your value in Table 3. Copy Table 2 and Table 3 into the assignment. You have Just determined a value for the thickness of an MM using the direct method. What makes this method direct?

Explication The Doubt Of Future Foes Essays - Smallpox Survivors

Explication: The Doubt Of Future Foes EXPLICATION The Doubt of Future Foes by Queen Elizabeth I The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy, And wit me warns to shun such snares as threaten mine annoy. For falsehood now doth flow, and subject faith doth ebb, Which would not be, if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web. But clouds of toys untried do cloak aspiring minds, Which turn to rain of late repent, by course of changed winds. The top of hope supposed, the root of ruth will be, And fruitless all their graffed guiles, as shortly ye shall see. The dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, Shall be unsealed by worthy wights whose foresight falsehood finds. The daughter of debate, that eke discord doth sow Shall reap no gain where former rule hath taught still peace to grow. No foreign banished wight shall anchor in this port, Our realm it brooks no stranger's force, let them elsewhere resort. Our rusty sword with rest, shall first his edge employ To poll their tops that seek such change and gape for joy. Written in 1568 by one of England's most outstanding rulers, The Doubt of Future Foes captures a time of distress for Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth Jenkins, one of the great Queen's biographers, stated that Elizabeth was not poetical, but she shared that extraordinary gift of expression that was general among the English of the time, and once or twice she wrote some remarkable verse (Jenkens, Elizabeth the Great, 1958). In this particular remarkable verse, Elizabeth composed sixteen lines describing the troubled state of England and prophesied the fate of her enemies. Elizabeth uses alliteration in several lines, such as wisdom weaved the web and foresight falsehood finds, which reflects her well-educated and cultured background. However, the poem appears to be mainly a product of Elizabeth's struggles with adversaries and a threat to those who had the aspiring minds to attempt to remove her from the throne. The poem is written in octosyllabics: rhyming couplets with twelve syllables in the first line and fourteen syllables in the second line. This meter drums out a steady, forceful rhythm that further drills in the highly moralistic message of loyalty? or else. The first two lines state that Elizabeth's fear (doubt) about her enemies prevents her from being happy, and that if she were smart, she would ignore the traps those enemies had set in place to harm her with. Her cousin, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, had been giving her cousin grief about Elizabeth's unfulfilled promise when Mary was imprisoned to help her regain her throne (and succeeded in labeling Elizabeth as a hypocrite), but Mary refused to acknowledge the fact that Elizabeth had saved her life countless times. Her cousin also had her eyes on the British crown and appealed to Elizabeth's sympathy to begin to win it. However, advised by Sir William Cecil that her cousin had an appetite to the Crown, she handled Mary's demands, such as for Elizabeth's own royal garments, with caution and limitation. At this point in history, Elizabeth was also angered that the northern Catholics had spurned her exceptionally tolerant religious policy. The Catholics had always wanted Elizabeth oust ed from the throne because she had committed the travesty of being Protestant, and they looked at anything controversial that she did as a way to get her out. Line three describes treachery and devotion as a wave that recedes and swells; at the present time, allegiance is short of hand and treason is a constant threat. However, Elizabeth states in line four that if people had intelligence and common sense, they would be loyal to her. She feels this way not only because of her religious beliefs, but also because of the simple fact that she is Queen. Her subjects may be rebellious now, when they feel they may have a chance at overthrowing her, but ultimately she is still in power and has a golden finger to direct their fate. She alludes to the impending tools and tricks that her adversaries will use against her as clouds that will fall as rain when her enemies change their minds and beg pardon. She also portrays their false fronts as a shoot grafted into the growing

Death Penalty Debate

Death Penalty Debate Introduction Death penalty has been a serious debate issue both in the United States of America and other parts of the world. There have been those who champion for the abolition of death penalty and there have also been those who want the death penalty to be maintained citing that some criminals cannot be tolerated within the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So many nations in the world have been reported to have abandoned the death penalty yet others have continued to use it. It is crucial to mention that death penalty has been used constitutionally by some states to punish political dissidents hence raising the main objectives of the capital punishment in terms of containing felony and other forms of criminal activities all over the world. Similarities between the two articles The first similarity that is very conspicuous between the two articles is tha t they both address the issue of death penalty both within the United States of America and other parts of the world. The two articles are cognizant of the fact there are some states within the United States of America that have actually abolished death penalty as a capital punishment; however, they also recognize that of these states have not abolished the corporal punishment and still apply it in punishing specific class of criminals (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Again, the two articles examine the different modes of meting death penalty in the United States and other parts of the world. Amongst the mode of meting death penalty discussed by the articles are electrocutions through electric chair, lethal injection, gas chambers and firing by hidden prison warders. It is important to note that these articles distinguish these death penalty modes into both historic and current; they also cite technological advancements utilized in the process (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). It is also important to mention that the two articles are cognizant of the fact that the execution of those sentenced to state execution have slowed down over the past several years. They both explain that it has been highly possible that innocent people have mistakenly been executed only to be realized letter that they were innocent people. The slow down has been informed by the fact that there is need for thorough investigations to be conducted before carrying out executions. In the case of the United States of America, the slow down in the execution has been explained by the decision of the Supreme Court to stop the execution until repeals are conclusive on a particular case for which an inmate has been sentenced to death. Both articles have also addressed the fact that some governments have considered abolishing the death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). For instance, one article states that a good number of states are considering putting a stop to death as a capital penalty within their jurisdictions.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, another article reveals that the governor of the state of Illinois, George Ryan made of declaration of a suspension on death penalty and further appointed a commission and charged it with the responsibility of studying the system of capital punishment in the state (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Differences of the two essays As much as the two essays have addressed similar themes, there are some differences that can be pointed out. Whereas one essay has addressed the issue of death penalty in general, another is specific din pointing out the specific cases of executions that have taken place in the past. The essay on the American death penalty history reveals about the studies that have been done on how technological advancement has changed the way death penalty is carried out; for instance, it gives an insight into how death penalty has moved from trap-door gallows to what is known as the â€Å"Upright jerker† to electric chair then to gas chambers and finally to lethal injections. The other article has not addressed this issue. However, it is again important to note that the essay on history of The American death penalty has not addressed some issues that are addressed by the essay on the sow death. The essay slow death gives an insight about pressure to abandon death penalty; for instance, the articles states that in Colorado, one-vote margin was used to put down an uprising meant to go against the death penalty. This has not been hinted by the essay of the history of the American death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Again, the article on slow death has given statistics regarding death sentencing while the other article has not discussed any form of statistics. In this case, the essay on slow death has systematically given various statistics touchin g on different issues of capital punishment. For instance, it reveals that in 2009, the state and the federal courts sentenced 37 inmates to execution which it recognizes as the lowest number since the year 1994. In 2010, it further states that the number of those sentenced to death reduced to thirty. This makes the essay relevant in predicting that soon death penalty may be a thing of the past; this prediction is not possible with the essay about the history of the American death penalty since it is just a general discussion about death penalty in the United States of America (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). The essay on the slow death has revealed the fact that despite the commitment of various states to put an end to death penalty, there are some states that still strongly mete death penalty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the states is Texas which is described as amongst the world’s busiest executioners handling almost the largest executions in the world. This is stated that will make the United States of America in general unique with respect to abolition of death penalty worldwide. All these issues are not addressed by the other essay on the history of death sentencing in America (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). The essay on slow death has also discussed about the cost of death sentencing to the state and concerned individuals. The cost is examined in terms of moral cost and the financial cost. For instance, the essay indicates that anti-death penalty individuals have argued that the financial cost involved in death penalty issues could be utilized in taking care of unresolved murder issues that still pending within the justice system. In terms of moral cost, the essay on slow death posits that the death punishment has been disputed on the ground of it subverting what Pop John referred to as a â€Å"Culture of li fe.† However, the essay reveals that all these cannot be sufficient grounds on which death penalty should be abandoned. All these issues are also not addressed in the other essay that has dealt with the history of death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Conclusion Death penalty has been debated by so many people amongst who are those who fight for its abolition and those who favor it its retention within the statutes. The two articles have addressed the issue of death penalty. In the process they have some similarities and differences. Amongst the similar issues addressed by the two articles is the fight by anti-death penalty crusaders for states to abolish death penalty as a corporal punishment and the fact that some states are planning to abolish death penalty and struck it out of their statutory books. However, states like Texas has been described to still strongly cling to death penalty as a way of capital punishment and is not likely to let go any time soon (Bol e pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Two essays have also discussed certain issues differently. The article on slow death has given statistics regarding death sentencing while the other article has not discussed any form of statistics. In this case, the essay on slow death has systematically given various statistics touching on different issues of capital punishment. For example, it indicates that in 2009, the state and the federal courts sentenced 37 inmates to execution which it recognizes as the lowest number since the year 1994. This kind of statistics has not been given the other essay (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2).Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, the debate about death penalty is knot likely to end soon as long as there are still those who support its statutory relevance and those who view it as an outdated form of punishment and cruelty to humanity, especially with regards to how it is carried out. Even though some states in the United States of America and countries in other parts of the world have started to abolish the penalty other states are actually reinstating it in their constitution (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Bole, William. A slow Death. Common Wealth. New York: Common Wealth Foundation, 2009. Hartnett. Stephen. The Death Penalty: An American History. The Journal of American History: New York: Bloomington, 2003.